Energy-absorbing structure design and crashworthiness analysis of high-speed trains
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摘要: 建立了高速列车头车的有限元模型，运用有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟了头车碰撞刚性墙的冲击过程。在碰撞发生时，原有设计方案的牵引梁主体的变形以整体屈曲为主，不利于缓冲吸能。在对原设计的耐撞性分析的基础上，建议对原有牵引梁结构加以改进，并在前端增加两组不同尺寸和厚度的带圆角的方管作为缓冲吸能管，考虑了在缓冲管中填充泡沫铝与否，形成了4种设计方案。数值模拟结果表明，与原设计方案相比，新方案的整个头车的吸能量有大幅度提高，刚性墙反力的峰值也有一定程度的降低，采用大的圆角半径的厚管并填充泡沫铝的方案的改进效果最明显。Abstract: A finite element model was established for the head car of a high-speed train and its crashing progresses with a rigid wall at different speeds, simulated by using LS-DYNA software. It is found that when a crash occurs the draft sill deforms mainly in the Euler bending mode, which is harmful to buffering and energy absorption. Based on the understanding from the crashworthiness analysis of the original design, we propose to redesign the structure of the draft sill through adding square tubes with round corners as energy-absorbing tubes, which are either filled with aluminum foam or not. Two different sizes are chosen, thus four schemes are formed. The results of numerical simulation show that, compared to the original design, the energy absorption capacity in all of the new schemes has greatly improved, and the peak force on the rigid wall decreases in a certain extend. The scheme with the tubes having large radius of round corner, thick thickness and aluminum foam filler has the most obvious improvement.
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图 1 某型动车组头车的有限元模型
Figure 1. The finite element model of a head car of a high-speed train
图 2 头车撞击刚性墙时的变形情况
Figure 2. Structural deformation of the head car crashing a rigid wall
图 3 撞击刚性墙时牵引梁的变形情况
Figure 3. Structural deformation of the draft sill crashing a rigid wall
图 6 改进设计后的牵引梁和吸能管
Figure 6. The draft sill and the energy-absorbing tubes in the improvement schemes
图 9 方案4的牵引梁和吸能管的变形情况
Figure 9. The deformation of the draft sill and the energy absorber in scheme 4
表 1 材料参数
Table 1. Material properties
材料 E/GPa ν σy/MPa G/MPa ρ/(kg·m-3) Q235钢 210 0.3 235 2 100 7 800 A6N01铝合金 70 0.3 250 573 2 700 A5083铝合金 62 0.3 150 1 610 2 700 A7N01铝合金 66 0.3 290 1 232 2 700 
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