冲击速度和轴向静载对红砂岩破碎及能耗的影响

金解放; 吴越; 张睿; 王熙博; 余雄; 钟依禄

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2019-0479

冲击速度和轴向静载对红砂岩破碎及能耗的影响

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2019-0479

1.
江西理工大学建筑与测绘工程学院，江西赣州 341000
2.
江西理工大学资源与环境工程学院，江西赣州 341000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（51664017，51964015）；江西省研究生创新专项资金项目（YC2018-S304）；江西理工大学清江青年英才支持计划（JXUSTQJBJ2017007）

详细信息

作者简介:
金解放（1977－　），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，jjf_chang@126.com

中图分类号: O347
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-12-25
- 修回日期: 2020-02-19
- 网络出版日期: 2020-08-25
- 刊出日期: 2020-10-05

Effect of impact velocity and axial static stress on fragmentation and energy dissipation of red sandstone

1.
School of Architectural and Surveying Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
2.
School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China

摘要

摘要: 地下岩体工程爆破开挖中，距爆源不同距离处岩体承受的地应力和动载荷大小不同，从动载荷的角度表征岩石动态破坏结果与工程实际更吻合。为研究动载荷和地应力大小对岩体破碎和能量耗散特性的影响，利用动静组合加载试验装置，分别设置7个冲击速度和轴向静应力等级，对红砂岩试件进行冲击试验。根据试件的破碎状况，分析不同静应力工况下冲击速度对岩石破坏模式和机理的影响。计算不同工况下的应力波能量值，研究冲击速度和轴向静应力对岩石能耗特性的影响。对破坏试件进行筛分试验，研究岩石破碎分形维数随冲击速度和轴向静应力的变化关系。结果表明，随着冲击速度的增大，试件的破坏程度逐渐加大。无轴压时岩石试件破坏后整体仍是一个圆柱体，属于张拉破坏；有轴压时岩石试件宏观破坏后呈沙漏状，属于拉剪破坏。岩石耗散能随冲击速度的升高呈二次函数关系递增；轴向静应力越高，递增幅度越小。随着冲击速度的升高，岩石分形维数由零逐渐增加；随着轴向静应力的升高，分形维数由零转为大于零的临界冲击速度先升高后降低。
- 红砂岩 /
- 冲击速度 /
- 破坏模式 /
- 能量耗散 /
- 分形维数 /
- 轴向静载
Abstract: Due to the excavation unloading effect and the amplitude attenuation of stress wave, the rock masses locating the different distances away from the blasting source are subjected to different geostress and impact loadings during the blasting excavation of underground rock mass. The construction of relationship between rock dynamic failure properties with impact loadings has more important engineering practical significance compared with representating them with strain rate. In order to investigate the effect of the values of impact loading and the geostress on the characteristics of rock failure and energy dissipation, impact experiments of red sandstone were carried out with a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar testing system, the impact velocities and axial static stresses were set seven levels, respectively. The effects of impact velocity on the failure mode and mechanism of red sandstone under different axial static stresses were researched based on the broken rock specimens. By analyzing the energy values of stress waves under different experimental conditions, the effects of the impact velocity and the axial static stress on energy dissipation of red sandstone were investigated. The fragment fractal dimensions of red sandstone under different impact velocities and axial static stresses were studied based on the sieve test results of the broken specimens. The results show that the increase of impact velocity will aggravate the destroy degree of the red sandstone. The main part after macroscopic failure remains a circular cylinder when a red sandstone specimen is subjected to impact loading and no axial static stress, the failure of the specimen is resulted from its insufficiency of resistance to tensile deformation; but the main part after macroscopic failure represents a hourglass shape when the specimen is under coupled axial static stress and impact loading, the failure mechanism is mixed tension and shear fracture. The dissipation energy of the red sandstone increases in a quadratic function with increasing the impact velocity, the higher the axial static stress, the smaller the increasing amplitude. With the increase of impact velocity, the fractal dimension of the red sandstone increases from zero gradually. For a rock specimen subjected to specific axial static stress, there is a critical impact velocity which signifies that the fractal dimension of the specimen will change from zero to greater than zero, and the critical impact velocity increases first and then decreases with the increase of axial static stress.
- red sandstone /
- impact velocity /
- failure mode /
- energy dissipation /
- fractal dimension /
- axial static stress

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图 1 动静组合加载试验装置

Figure 1. Experimental setup with static-dynamic coupling loading

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图 2 异形冲头尺寸及入射波波形

Figure 2. Cone-shaped striker dimensions and incident wave

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图 3 单轴压缩应力-应变曲线

Figure 3. Stress-strain curve of red sandstone under uniaxial compression

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图 4 不同冲击速度作用后的岩石试件

Figure 4. Rock specimens subjected to under different impact velocities

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图 5 不同冲击速度作用下红砂岩破坏模式

Figure 5. Failure modes of red sandstone under different impact velocities

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图 6 轴向静压为27 MPa时不同冲击速度动载荷作用后的岩石试件

Figure 6. Rock specimens subjected to axial static stress of 27 MPa and dynamic loading of different impact velocities

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图 7 冲击速度约为13.5 m/s、不同轴压下岩石的破坏模式

Figure 7. Failure modes of rock under impact velocities of about 13.5 m/s and different axial static stresses

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图 8 艾略特湖矿破碎矿柱^[19]

Figure 8. A crushed mine pillar at the Elliot Lake mine^[19]

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图 9 试件破坏的s_i和d_dam值与轴压的关系(v≈13.5 m/s)

Figure 9. Changes of s_i and d_dam with axial static stress for a broken specimen when the impact velocity equals to 13.5 m/s approximately

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图 10 冲击载荷作用下具有轴压试件的受力示意图

Figure 10. Free-body diagram of a specimen under coupled axial static stress and impact loading

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图 11 不同轴压下能量随冲击速度的变化

Figure 11. Energy varied with impact velocity under different axial static loads

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图 12 轴压为45和54 MPa时破碎试件的ln(M(x)/M_tot)-ln(x/x_m)关系

Figure 12. ln(M(x)/M_tot)-ln(x/x_m) relations for broken specimens with the axial static stresses of 45 and 54 MPa, respectively

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图 13 冲击速度与分形维数的关系

Figure 13. Fractal dimension varied with impact velocity

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图 14 岩石临界冲击速度与轴向静应力的关系

Figure 14. Critical impact velocity of rock varied with axial static stress

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表 1 静载荷和冲击速度设置

Table 1. Setting of static load and impact velocity

冲击速度/(m·s⁻¹)	轴向静应力/MPa	冲击动能/J	冲击速度/(m·s⁻¹)	轴向静应力/MPa	冲击动能/J
4.0	0	15.76	12.0	36	141.87
6.0	9	35.47	13.5	45	179.55
8.0	18	63.05	15.0	54	221.67
10.0	27	98.52

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表 2 冲击试验工况及试验结果

Table 2. Conditions and results of impact experiments

σ_s/MPa	v/(m·s⁻¹)	W_i/J	W_r/J	W_t/J	粒径分布/g							D
σ_s/MPa	v/(m·s⁻¹)	W_i/J	W_r/J	W_t/J	＜50 mm	＜40 mm	＜20 mm	＜10 mm	＜5 mm	＜2 mm	＜1 mm	D
	3.95	7.69	1.61	3.96	231.86	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	5.86	27.07	7.59	13.14	235.45	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	7.99	52.65	16.97	24.30	235.04	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	10.01	83.77	25.11	34.52	234.87	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	11.45	111.38	33.50	43.93	230.36	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.14	0	0	0.903
	12.29	129.19	39.31	48.77	233.25	9.15	9.15	6.60	1.13	0.21	0.11	1.343
	14.87	188.97	63.19	50.30	231.03	231.03	190.46	59.75	39.03	26.60	22.86	2.319
	4.16	9.93	3.57	5.81	232.89	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	6.08	22.69	8.13	10.16	232.36	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	7.91	48.12	15.82	21.95	235.01	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
9	10.10	77.36	25.57	29.42	236.44	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.05	121.75	38.53	41.25	234.56	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	13.43	144.85	48.54	47.09	233.14	6.28	6.28	4.04	0.73	0.27	0.24	1.552
	14.82	176.01	60.66	47.65	231.40	231.40	195.89	67.04	43.17	27.54	24.35	2.329
	3.95	6.28	2.01	2.57	234.69	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	6.14	21.71	7.13	9.70	233.61	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	8.03	43.06	14.58	18.58	234.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	9.82	64.17	27.65	24.70	231.05	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.05	113.74	42.94	39.76	233.49	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	13.78	142.30	58.13	38.49	232.17	67.92	31.25	8.05	3.47	2.57	2.20	1.854
	15.40	177.67	72.68	41.14	229.66	229.66	204.22	75.99	42.78	27.78	24.49	2.323
	4.22	5.39	2.01	2.37	236.18	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	6.05	17.93	6.64	7.07	233.49	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	8.05	39.10	13.99	16.16	233.28	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
27	10.08	59.33	22.71	21.01	233.62	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.15	101.63	40.06	33.76	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	13.55	130.97	60.55	38.87	236.20	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.850
	15.21	165.58	81.27	37.19	234.39	60.63	33.61	10.51	3.79	2.43	2.12	2.273
	4.24	4.03	1.51	2.47	231.22	231.22	164.82	60.55	34.21	21.95	19.16	0
	5.94	12.95	4.48	4.99	233.41	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	8.24	35.43	13.31	14.17	232.88	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
36	10.13	53.52	20.97	19.34	234.15	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.19	90.89	35.25	29.85	232.27	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.729
	13.70	119.48	46.41	31.78	231.64	3.01	3.01	0.86	0.11	0.01	0.01	1.908
	15.42	156.97	62.39	33.33	230.58	68.71	38.76	6.74	4.51	2.88	2.84	2.260
	4.06	5.94	1.74	3.09	233.53	233.53	184.23	66.12	34.48	22.42	19.40	0
	6.10	11.75	4.30	4.66	233.49	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	7.91	25.71	9.40	9.90	231.48	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
45	10.32	50.09	20.10	16.59	234.76	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.04	81.40	35.73	22.96	234.89	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.725
	13.39	104.49	45.54	29.43	233.60	5.33	5.33	1.61	0.18	0.04	0	1.886
	14.97	136.00	59.14	28.06	232.46	69.65	33.64	11.57	5.29	2.76	2.44	2.285

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续表 2
σ_s/MPa	v/(m·s⁻¹)	W_i/J	W_r/J	W_t/J	粒径分布/g							D
σ_s/MPa	v/(m·s⁻¹)	W_i/J	W_r/J	W_t/J	＜50 mm	＜40 mm	＜20 mm	＜10 mm	＜5 mm	＜2 mm	＜1 mm	D
	4.08	3.50	1.12	1.45	229.52	229.52	194.74	72.69	36.93	24.19	21.67	0
	6.13	10.38	3.86	3.88	234.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	8.27	29.15	11.48	9.56	229.48	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
54	10.27	41.95	16.66	13.09	234.37	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	12.06	78.03	38.88	18.54	232.12	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.043
	13.82	108.35	57.96	21.99	234.76	163.66	79.15	43.23	24.67	15.65	13.40	2.290
	15.23	127.38	73.68	22.73	230.14	230.14	198.28	64.51	38.67	24.75	21.46	2.341

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表 3 冲击速度约为13.5 m/s时试件破坏的s_i和d_dam值

Table 3. Values of s_i and d_dam in main part of destroyed specimens at the impact velocity of around 13.5 m/s

σ_s/MPa	s_i/mm	d_dam/mm	σ_s/MPa	s_i/mm	d_dam/mm
9	6.88	44.40	36	23.08	36.26
18	25.10	36.38	45	22.56	36.10
27	23.54	36.88	54	17.14	0

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