Determination method of tunnel blasting parameters using electronic detonator under changing condition of free surface
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摘要: 电子雷管的技术潜力目前仍未在隧道工程中得以充分发挥，一个重要原因是没有严密理论支撑的爆破参数计算方法，药量、孔间延时等核心参数多沿用普通矿山法设计；其次是不能解决第二自由面形成后爆破参数计算准确性问题。以重庆观音桥隧道为研究背景，基于Anderson理论和电子雷管延时特性，提出隧道爆破在单自由面形成双自由面过程中，不同自由面条件下电子雷管爆破参数设计的新方法。现场获取不同药量单自由面单孔爆破振动曲线，逐一计算各孔间延时下的多孔合成振动，对比不同药量、不同延时合成振动曲线后确定单自由面爆破参数；根据电子雷管特点设计短延时掏槽爆破现场试验，获得起爆48 ms后已形成第二自由面；据此设计第二自由面形成后单孔爆破试验并计算双自由面下的合成振速、爆破参数，最终形成爆破全过程爆破参数计算方法。对计算结果进行综合分析后，现场设计主掏槽单孔药量1.2 kg，辅助掏槽单孔药量1.4 kg，孔间延时为5 ms；主掏槽与辅助掏槽间最小时差为35 ms；采用上述优化参数进行现场试验，在低振速控制的同时实现高效进尺。Abstract: The technical potential of an electronic detonator has not yet been fully utilized in tunnel engineering. An important reason is that there is no calculation method of blasting parameters supported by rigorous theory. The pivotal blasting parameters such as charge and delay time, etc. are mostly designed following ordinary mining methods. And it can not solve the problem of calculation accuracy of blasting parameters after the formation of the second free surface. Taking Guanyinqiao Tunnel in Chongqing as the research background, based on the Anderson principle and the delay characteristics of the electronic detonator, a new method for designing the blasting parameters of electronic detonators was proposed under the different free surface conditions changing in the process of tunnel blasting, from single free surface to dual free surface. Firstly, based on the single-hole and single free surface blasting vibration curves of different charges acquired on site, the superimposed vibration of multiple blast-holes under each delay time was calculated one by one. After comparing the superimposed vibration curves of different charges and delays, it was determined the blasting parameters of single free surface, including the maximum single-hole charge and the optimal inter-hole delay. Secondly, according to the characteristics of the electronic detonator, the short-delay cut blasting field test was designed. By comparing the calculated waveform without considering the influence of the second free surface with the measured waveform affected by the vibration reduction effect of the second free surface, it was found that the second free surface had formed at 48 ms after initiation. Based on this, a single-hole blasting test was designed after the formation of the second free surface. By calculating the superimposed vibration velocity based on the single-hole waveforms before and after the formation of the second free surface, it was determined the blasting parameters under the dual free surfaces condition, including single-hole charge, inter-hole delay time, and delay between different types of holes. Finally, the calculation method of blasting parameters in the whole blasting process was formed. After the comprehensive analysis of the calculated results, the single-hole charge of the main cutting holes is 1.2 kg, and it is 1.4 kg of the auxiliary cutting holes, then the delay time between holes is 5 ms on site; the minimum delay time between the main cut holes and the auxiliary cut holes is 35 ms. The field test was carried out with the optimized parameters mentioned above, and it got high-efficiency footage as well as a low vibration velocity.
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Key words:
- tunnel blasting /
- electronic detonator /
- vibration superposition /
- delay time /
- the second free surface
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本构关系，也称本构方程、物理方程、物性方程、本构模型等，是描述质点的应力应变关系，是理解物体变形响应、求解内部变量和进行结构设计必要的方程。而动态本构关系描述的是动态载荷下连续介质内部变量之间的力学关系，通常材料的弹性、伪弹性、黏性、塑性、黏流性等力学性能以及它们的叠加组合对温度、加载率、材料微观组织结构等比较敏感，例如金属材料的动态本构关系是一个或一组方程，可将应变率
˙εij 与应力σij 、应力率˙σij 、温度T 、材料的热力学历史以及材料的许多结构参数s1 、s2 、s3 等联系起来。这些结构参数包括位错密度、位错本身及其相互作用、晶粒尺寸等。这样，其本构的率关系可以用一个统一的方程˙εij=f(σij,˙σij,T,s1,s2s3,...) 来表示。对材料动态响应的研究可以追溯到19世纪末，科学家们先后在Hopkinson杆实验和Charp实验等中发现材料在冲击加载下的性能与准静态下的性能具有显著差异，由此开启了对材料率效应的广泛研究，而对动态本构关系的研究可追溯到20世纪初。热激活理论的提出是金属材料动态本构关系发展的里程碑，揭示了应变率与温度耦合效应的物理基础。两次世界大战后，出于对战争、恐怖主义威胁的警惕，对地震、海啸等自然灾害的预防，以及航空航天、航海、能源开采、核工业等工程领域的发展需求，材料和结构在冲击与爆炸载荷下的动态变形失效方面的研究大量涌现。20世纪60年代以来，随着计算力学的快速发展，建立适用于分析复杂极端工况下的结构力学响应的材料动态本构模型成为关键环节。
建立材料动态本构关系也是冲击动力学最基本的问题之一。从本构模型的类型来说，唯象本构模型具有简洁的解析形式，在工程中应用广泛，具有物理基础的本构模型则可以更好地反映材料变形过程中的内在物理机制，而近年来出现的基于人工神经网络的本构模型则具有更好的预测精度和灵活性。由于大量新材料和具有特殊性能结构材料的涌现，目前建立兼具科学性和工程适用性的材料动态本构关系仍具有很大的挑战。如多维材料、微结构调控材料、微纳米结构材料、增材制造材料、高熵合金等，其动态本构关系的建立受到研究者的极大关注。动态本构关系向着多变量复杂化、高准确度等方向发展，可从以下两方面看出。
（1）典型金属材料在一定率-温范围内可能出现如动态应变时效、变形孪晶、冲击相变和不同于静载下的位错交滑移（Kear-Wilsdorf lock现象）等微观机制，使得材料会出现反常的应变率和温度敏感性，这时传统本构模型不再适用，需要建立考虑这类微观机制和准确描述反常率-温耦合效应的动态本构模型。
（2）以往，由于实验条件限制，揭示材料力学行为采用单轴加载，本构方程以单轴一维应力应变状态建立。这些都与实际结构中材料的力学状态不一致，且材料在不同应力状态下的本构行为具有差异性（如拉-压不对称性），应力三轴度、罗德角等应力状态参数与应变率的耦合关系的物理基础还不明确，实际上，材料在三轴复杂应力状态下的本构行为也并非是单轴应力状态下的简单叠加。因此，建立考虑复杂应力状态的三维动态本构模型就很有意义。
经特邀和按照《爆炸与冲击》期刊的严格审稿流程，本专题特别呈现了不同材料类型、不同研究方向的专家，就最新的动态本构关系建立和本构关系的发展报道了各自最新的研究成果，在此对他们表示衷心的感谢，对《爆炸与冲击》编辑部和曾月蓉老师的有力支持表示感谢！
西北工业大学 郭伟国 教授
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图 2 单自由面单孔爆破试验炮孔布置示意图
Figure 2. Layout of holes in single-hole blasting test with single free surface
图 3 现场实测单自由面单孔振动波形
Figure 3. Single-hole vibration waveforms of single free surface measured on site
图 4 1.4 kg药量单孔波形拟合曲线与实测曲线对比
Figure 4. Comparison between fitting curve and measured curve of 1.4 kg charge single-hole waveform
图 5 单自由面下不同孔间延时8孔叠加最大振速
Figure 5. Eight-holes maximum superimposed vibration velocity with different delays under single free surface
图 7 1.2 kg单自由面下不同延时4孔叠加最大振速
Figure 7. Four-holes maximum superimposed vibration velocity of 1.2 kg with different delays under single free surface
图 8 8 ms孔间延时的计算合成振动曲线与实测振动曲线对比图
Figure 8. Comparison between calculated superimposed vibration curve and measured vibration curve under 8 ms delay
图 9 第二自由面形成后单孔爆破试验炮孔布置示意图
Figure 9. Holes layout of single-hole blasting test after the second free surface is formed
图 10 第二自由面形成前后1.4 kg单孔实测波形对比图
Figure 10. Comparison between measured single-hole waveforms of 1.4 kg before and after the second free surface is formed
图 11 主掏槽与辅助掏槽之间不同延时叠加最大振速
Figure 11. Maximum superimposed vibration velocity of different delays between main cut and auxiliary cut holes
图 12 ΔD=50 ms的计算曲线和实测曲线对比图
Figure 12. Comparison between calculated and measured curves when ΔD = 50 ms
图 13 第二自由面形成前后1.4 kg不同延时下8孔叠加最大振速对比图
Figure 13. Comparison of 8-holes maximum superimposed vibration velocity of 1.4 kg under different delays before and after the formation of the second free surface
图 14 辅助孔不同孔间延时振动强度对比区域
Figure 14. Vibration velocity comparison area of auxiliary holes with different delays
图 15 辅助孔不同延时的爆破振动波形
Figure 15. Blasting vibration waveform of auxiliary holes with different delays
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