Blast injuries to human lung induced by blast shock waves
-
摘要: 为探究肺部爆炸伤的致伤机制与评价指标，构建了人体-爆炸流场有限元模型，通过与爆炸事故中人员损伤情况比对，验证了模型的有效性。共进行39个爆炸工况的数值模拟，通过改变爆炸当量与距离，使得胸部受到不同量级爆炸载荷作用，肺部损伤等级从无损伤到严重损伤。通过分析爆炸流场分布、胸腔动力学响应、肺部应力分布等阐明肺部爆炸伤的力学机制。基于人体有限元模型输出的损伤响应，提出肺部爆炸伤的评价指标。研究结果表明：在爆炸载荷作用下，胸前壁高速撞击胸腔脏器，导致肺部产生应力波。随后在惯性作用下，胸前壁持续挤压胸腔脏器，并造成胸腔变形。应力波是造成肺部损伤的主要原因，胸腔变形挤压肺部造成的损伤风险较低。肺部损伤集中在靠近胸前壁及心脏的区域。胸骨速度峰值和胸骨加速度峰值可作为肺部爆炸伤的评价指标。胸部压缩量及黏性响应系数不能反映应力波对肺部造成的损伤，不适合评价肺部爆炸伤。Abstract: In order to study the mechanism and the predictors of blast lung injuries, a finite element model including the human body and the explosion flow field was developed. The fluid-structure coupling algorithm of LS-DYNA was used to simulate the blast effect on the thorax. The developed model was validated using victims’ lung injury data in an explosion accident. A total of 39 simulation experiments were carried out. By changing the explosion equivalent and stand-off distance between the thorax and the explosive, the thorax was subjected to blast loads of different magnitudes, and the lung injuries ranged from no injury to extensive injuries. Base on the developed model, the pressure distribution in the explosion flow field, the dynamic response of the thorax and the stress distribution in the lung were investigated to clarify the mechanical mechanism of blast lung injuries. The thorax injuries and response of the human body model were analyzed, and the predictors of blast lung injuries were proposed. The results show that when subjected to the blast load, the anterior chest wall gains speed almost instantly and impacts the thoracic organs with a high velocity, causing the propagation of stress waves in the lung. Subsequently the anterior chest wall continuously compresses the thoracic organs and the ribs under inertia, which causes the thoracic deflection. The stress wave is the main cause of blast lung injuries, and the thoracic deflection is less likely to cause lung injuries. The damaged lung tissues are mainly in the area close to the anterior chest wall and heart. The peak sternum velocity and peak sternum acceleration have direct effects on the stress wave in the lung, and can be used as the predictors of blast lung injuries. The thoracic deflection and viscous criterion cannot reflect the damage to the lung caused by stress wave, and are not suitable for evaluating the blast lung injuries.
-
Key words:
- shock wave /
- biomechanics /
- lung injury /
- finite element human body model
-
图 3 不同爆炸距离工况下胸部爆炸载荷的演化
Figure 3. Evolution of blast load on the thorax at different explosion distances
图 6 胸骨及胸椎T8位移曲线
Figure 6. Displacement-time histories of sternum and thoracic vertebra T8
图 8 重度损伤单元压力峰值时间统计
Figure 8. Statistics of pressure peak times of severe damaged elements
图 9 胸部压缩量与胸壁速度预测值的关系曲线
Figure 9. Relationship between thoracic deflection and chest wall velocity predictor
图 10 黏性响应系数与胸壁速度预测值的关系曲线
Figure 10. Relationship between viscous criterion and chest wall velocity predictor
图 11 胸骨速度峰值与胸壁速度预测值的关系曲线
Figure 11. Relationship between sternum velocity and chest wall velocity predictor
图 12 胸骨加速度峰值与胸壁速度预测值的关系曲线
Figure 12. Relationship between sternum acceleration and chest wall velocity predictor
-
[1] OWENS B D, KRAGH J F, WENKE J C, et al. Combat wounds in operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom [J]. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2008, 64(2): 295–299. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318163b875. [2] ARGYROS G J. Management of primary blast injury [J]. Toxicology, 1997, 121(1): 105–115. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(97)03659-7. [3] 蒋建新, 曾灵. 肺爆炸冲击伤机制与防护研究进展 [J]. 陆军军医大学学报, 2022, 44(5): 395–398. DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202111179.JIANG J X, ZENG L. Advance of protection and mechanism of lung blast injury [J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2022, 44(5): 395–398. DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202111179. [4] 黄建钊, 杨志焕, 王正国, 等. 狗冲击伤复合破片伤时肺的形态学改变 [J]. 第三军医大学学报, 1992, 14(2): 155–158. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-5404.1992.02.018.HUANG J Z, YANG Z H, WANG Z G, et al. Morphological changes of the lungs after blast, shell-fragment, and blast-fragment combined injuries in dogs [J]. Journal of Third Military Medical University, 1992, 14(2): 155–158. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-5404.1992.02.018. [5] BOUTILLIER J, MEZZO S, DECK C, et al. Chest response assessment of post-mortem swine under blast loadings [J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2017, 65: 169–175. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.012. [6] 周杰, 陶钢, 王健. 爆炸冲击波对肺损伤的数值模拟 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2012, 32(4): 418–422. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2012)04-0418-05.ZHOU J, TAO G, WANG J. Numerical simulation of lung injury induced by shock wave [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2012, 32(4): 418–422. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2012)04-0418-05. [7] 周杰, 陶钢, 潘保青, 等. 爆炸冲击波对人体胸部创伤机理的有限元方法研究 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2013, 33(3): 315–320. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2013)03-0315-06.ZHOU J, TAO G, PAN B Q, et al. Mechanism of blast trauma to human thorax: a finite element study [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2013, 33(3): 315–320. DOI: 10.11883/1001-1455(2013)03-0315-06. [8] BOWEN I G, FLETCHER E R, RICHMOND D R. Estimate of man’s tolerance to the direct effects of air blast: DASA-2113 [R]. Washington, USA: Defense Atomic Support Agency, 1968. [9] AXELSSON H, YELVERTON J T. Chest wall velocity as a predictor of nonauditory blast injury in a complex wave environment [J]. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 1996, 40(3): 31S–37S. DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199603001-00006. [10] STUHMILLER J H, HO K H H, VORST M J V, et al. A model of blast overpressure injury to the lung [J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1996, 29(2): 227–234. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00039-9. [11] US Department of Justice. Public safety bomb suit standard: NIJ standard-0117.01 [S]. Washington, USA: National Institute of Justice, 2016. [12] VAWTER D L. A finite element model for macroscopic deformation of the lung [J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1980, 102(1): 1–7. DOI: 10.1115/1.3138193. [13] 王波, 何洋扬, 聂冰冰, 等. 底部爆炸条件下车内乘员损伤风险仿真评估 [J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 60(11): 902–909. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2020.26.021.WANG B, HE Y Y, NIE B B, et al. Numerical investigation of vehicle occupant injury risks in underbody blast events [J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2020, 60(11): 902–909. DOI: 10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2020.26.021. [14] HAMIT H F, BULLUCK M H, FRUMSON G, et al. Air blast injuries: report of a case [J]. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 1965, 5(1): 117–124. DOI: 10.1097/00005373-196501000-00012. [15] 罗伟, 缑元斌. 用现行人体《重标》、《轻标》鉴定肺损伤存在问题及对策 [C]//中国法医学会全国第十五次法医临床学学术研讨会论文集. 大连: 中国法医学会, 2012: 38−39. [16] North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Procedures for evaluating the protection level of armoured vehicles for mine threat: AEP-55 VOL2—2011 [S]. Brussels, Belgium: Allied Engineering Publication, 2011. [17] 曾衍钧. 离体肺组织内应力波传播速度的测定 [J]. 中国应用生理学杂志, 1989, 5(2): 237–240. DOI: 10.13459/j.cnki.cjap.1989.02.026.ZENG Y J. An in vitro measurement of stress wave velocities in the lung [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology, 1989, 5(2): 237–240. DOI: 10.13459/j.cnki.cjap.1989.02.026. [18] GOSS S A, JOHNSTON R L, DUNN F. Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1978, 64(2): 423–457. DOI: 10.1121/1.382016. [19] GREER A D. Numerical modeling for the prediction of primary blast injury to the lung [D]. Waterloo, Canada: University of Waterloo, 2006: 125−126. [20] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 汽车正面碰撞的乘员保护: GB 11551—2014 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015.General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. The protection of the occupants in the event of a frontal collision for motor vehicle: GB 11551—2014 [S]. Beijing, China: Standards Press of China, 2015. -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(12) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 510
- HTML全文浏览量: 178
- PDF下载量: 183
- 被引次数: 0