Characteristics of high-mass tungsten alloy kinetic projectile penetrating ultra-high strength steel targets at high velocity
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摘要: 为研究超高强度钢靶抗大质量钨合金动能块的侵彻性能及破坏特性，基于弹道炮开展了215 g圆柱形钨合金动能块高速侵彻半无限超高强度G50钢靶和低强度45钢靶试验，获得了不同速度侵彻下两种钢靶的侵彻深度和成坑体积。试验表明，不同于低强度钢靶的近似圆柱体成坑特性，钨合金动能块侵彻超高强度钢靶时，在靶板内形成了类锥形弹坑，成坑侧面和坑底均有拉伸崩落裂纹；分析了超高强度钢靶的侵彻破坏特性，指出侵彻过程中钨合金动能块局部破碎引起靶板内的卸载拉伸剥落和动能块的侵彻锐化行为联合导致了类锥体弹坑的形成。通过数值模拟验证了超高强度钢靶的高速侵彻破坏机制。Abstract: To study the penetration performance and failure characteristics of ultra-high strength steel targets against high-mass tungsten alloy kinetic projectiles with different impact velocities, a ballistic gun was used to carry out 215 g tungsten alloy kinetic projectiles to impact the ultra-high strength G50 steel and 45 steel targets at velocities in the range of 689−1489 m/s. According to the experimental results, a conic-like crater was observed in the ultra-high strength steel target against a tungsten alloy kinetic projectile, which was different from the column-like crater mode observed in the experiments of 45 steel targets. It was also observed that there were several unique tensile spall cracks on the crater surface and bottom for the ultra-high strength steel. The depth of penetration (DOP) and the crater volume of these two steel targets were further obtained, which showed that the DOP of G50 steel targets is shorter than that of 45 steel at similar penetration velocity, while the corresponding crater volume is greater than that of 45 steel. Based on the interaction mechanism between the projectile and target, the high-mass tungsten alloy kinetic projectiles are considered to undergo local fragmentation under high radial stress during penetration into the G50 steel target, resulting in unloading tensile waves within the target. It is believed the unloading waves within the target lead to the spalling damage of the crater wall, resulting in the fish-scale-like rough walls and spallation cracks. This also explains why the crater volume of G50 steel is greater than that of 45 steel. In addition, the sharpening effect was caused by the local fragmentation of the kinetic projectile head. Therefore, it is considered that this failure mode was mainly caused by both the tensile fracture of the target induced by the local fragmentation of the projectile and the sharpening behavior of the projectile. Numerical simulations of the penetration of high-mass tungsten alloy projectiles into ultra-high strength steel targets were further performed to demonstrate the entire process of deformation, damage, and failure of the target plate and projectile, which further validated the failure mechanism of the targets.
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1. 麻省理工学院研究人员发现金属在极端冲击下愈热愈强的反常规现象[1]
材料的强度依赖于加载测试时的速率，这是因为位错等缺陷的变形移动具有内在的动力学限制。随着变形应变率的增加，更多的强化机制被激发以增加其强度。麻省理工学院研究人员发现，在应变率大于 106 s−1 的微弹道冲击测试中，当温度升高至157 ℃时，铜的强度会增加约30%，纯钛和金中也观察到了这种效应。这种现象是违反直觉的，因为几乎所有材料在正常条件下加热时都会变软。纯金属的这种异常热强化是由于控制变形机制从热激活强化转变为位错的类弹道传输引起的，位错通过声子相互作用受到阻力。这些认识为从高速加工操作到高超音速运输中更准确地模拟和预测材料在各种极端应变率条件下的性能提供了新的思路。
2. 耶路撒冷希伯来大学研究人员实验证实拉伸裂纹速度可突破经典速度限制[2-3]
脆性材料会因快速裂纹而失效。经典断裂力学描述了拉伸裂纹的运动，这些裂纹在尖端的点状区域内将耗散掉被释放的弹性能。在这一框架内，“经典”拉伸裂纹并不能超过瑞利波速度。耶路撒冷希伯来大学研究人员实验利用水凝胶材料，通过实验证明了“超剪切”拉伸裂纹的存在。虽然水凝胶是一种柔性材料，但它的裂纹扩展特性完全遵循脆性材料断裂理论的预测。当水凝胶的拉伸状态超过极限时，拉伸裂纹的扩展速度明显地超过了瑞利波波速。超剪切动力学遵循的原理与指导“经典”裂纹的原理不同；这种断裂模式在临界（与材料相关）施加应变下被激发。这种非经典的拉伸断裂模式颠覆了对断裂力学的传统认知，亟需从理论层面揭示其存在的物理机制。
3. 北京大学等研究人员开发了一种动态强度高达14 GPa的碳纳米管纤维[4]
北京大学、北京石墨烯研究院、中国科学院力学研究所、武汉大学、中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所等研究人员提出了一种高强碳纳米管纤维的多尺度结构优化策略，系统提高了碳纳米管管间作用、纤维取向性、致密性和动态强度。在动态冲击性能的研究中，研究人员利用微尺度高速冲击拉伸实验装置，发现纤维随着拉伸速度的提高发生韧脆失效模式的转变，具有显著的应变率强化效应。当应变率约
1400 s−1时，纤维的动态强度达到14 GPa，突破了现有高性能纤维强度。运用强激光诱导的高速横向冲击实验方法，揭示了微米直径纤维单丝在模拟弹道冲击加载下的动力学响应规律，发现由于冲击能量的快速非局域耗散而展现出优异的防护性能，纤维比能量耗散功率远高于凯夫拉等传统防弹纤维。这些发现表明碳纳米管纤维在冲击防护领域具有巨大的应用潜力。 -
图 1 钨合金动能块及尾翼式加速装置
Figure 1. The tungsten alloy projectile and tail-type accelerating device
图 2 高速侵彻实验布局示意图
Figure 2. Sketch of the experiment setup for penetration at high velocity
图 4 LNG202G-2型六路电子测时仪与测速靶
Figure 4. The electronic time measurement instrument of LNG202G-2 and velocity measurement
图 6 动能块飞行姿态高速录像图
Figure 6. High-speed video photography of the kineticprojectile flight posture
图 7 不同撞击速度下典型靶标的侵彻深度
Figure 7. Depths of penetrations of the targets atdifferent impact velocities
图 8 不同撞击速度下典型靶标的开坑体积
Figure 8. Crater volumes of the targets at differentimpact velocities
图 9 不同侵彻速度下G50钢靶的开坑形貌
Figure 9. Photographs of cross sections of G50 steel target after impact by the tungsten alloy projectiles at different velocities
图 10 不同侵彻速度下45钢靶的开坑形貌
Figure 10. Photographs of cross sections of 45 steel target after impact by the tungsten alloy projectiles at different velocities
图 11 钨合金动能块高速撞击低碳钢靶的侵彻过程示意图
Figure 11. Schematica diagrams of the penetration process of low carbon steel target struck by a tungsten alloy projectile
图 12 钨合金动能块高速撞击G50钢的侵彻过程示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagrams of the penetration process of G50 steel target struck by a tungsten alloy projectile
图 13 钨合金动能块高速（1 189 m/s）侵彻45钢靶时不同时刻的计算结果
Figure 13. Schematic diagrams of the penetration of tungsten alloy projectile into 45 steel at the impactvelocity of 1 189 m/s at different times
图 14 钨合金动能块高速（1 425 m/s）侵彻G50钢靶时不同时刻的计算结果
Figure 14. Schematic diagrams of the penetration of tungsten alloy projectile into G50 steel at the impactvelocity of 1 425 m/s at different times
图 15 钨合金动能块高速侵彻G50钢靶时表面破坏形貌的对比图
Figure 15. Comparison of surface failure modes of G50 targets between simulation and experiment
图 16 钨合金动能块高速侵彻G50钢靶时破坏形貌的对比图
Figure 16. Comparison of crater failure modes of G50 targets between simulation and experiment
密度/(kg·m−3) 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 延伸率/% 洛氏硬度 7850 ≥1330 ≥1660 10 45 
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表 2 G50钢靶的侵彻毁伤特性
Table 2. The penetration failure characteristics of the G50 steel targets at different impact velocities
撞击速度/(m∙s−1) 开孔直径/mm 穿深/mm 侵彻弹道容积/cm3 848 60 22 33 1075 70 32 54 1329 43 52 86 1425 47 50 97 1455 65 53 87
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表 3 45钢靶的侵彻毁伤特性
Table 3. The penetration failure characteristics of the 45 steel targets at different impact velocities
撞击速度/( m∙s−1) 开孔直径/mm 穿深/mm 侵彻弹道容积/cm3 689 29 34 17 1023 31 52 28 1189 34 66 39 1357 37 72 47
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表 4 弹靶材料的Johnson-Cook参数
Table 4. Johnson-Cook model parameters ofprojectile and targets
材料 A/MPa B/MPa n c m Tmelt/K G50钢 1445 1326 0.356 0.005 1.12 1793 45钢 496 434 0.307 0.008 0.80 1793 93W 1197 580 0.050 0.025 1.90 1730
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表 5 弹靶材料的Grüneisen状态方程参数
Table 5. Grüneisen state equation parameters ofprojectile and targets
材料 c/(m∙s−1) S1 S2 S3 γ0 A G50钢 4280.0 1.990 0 0 2.170 0.46 45钢 4280.0 1.990 0 0 2.170 0.46 93W 4066.2 1.368 0 0 1.736 0.46
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表 6 45钢的侵彻深度数值模拟结果
Table 6. Numerical simulation results of DOP of 45 steel
撞击速度/( m∙s−1) 试验穿深/mm 模拟穿深/mm 侵深误差/% 689 34 25.3 25.6 1023 52 49.5 4.95 1189 66 68.9 4.41 1357 72 76.7 6.46
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表 7 G50钢的侵彻深度数值模拟结果
Table 7. Numerical simulation results oof DOP of G50 steel
撞击速度/( m∙s−1) 试验穿深/mm 模拟穿深/mm 侵深误差/% 848 22 24.6 11.7 1075 32 37.5 17.1 1329 52 45.9 11.7 1425 50 52.3 4.53 1455 53 53.5 0.94
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