Generation mechanism and propagation characteristics of blasting seismic waves on tunnel surface
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摘要: 为了研究隧道表面爆破地震波的产生机制及传播规律，提出了隧道表面爆破振动平面应变理论模型，得到了隧道表面爆破振动场积分形式解；以龙南隧道爆破工程为背景，建立了有限元数值模型，通过现场测试验证了数值模拟与理论解答的准确性；提出了基于高分辨率Radon变换的隧道爆破地震波波场分离方法，结合理论解析与数值模拟得到了P波、S波、R波的传播特征，最后综合理论结果与波场分离结果提出了隧道爆破地震波作用分区。结果表明：隧道爆破产生P波、S波，R波在自由面迅速发育，3类波呈现指数衰减特征，S波衰减快于P波快于R波。随着爆心距的增大，垂直方向主要成分由S波转变为R波，水平方向主要成分由S波转变为P波，P波转变为R波。Ⅳ级围岩工况下，隧道爆破地震波作用分区为：隧道轴向距掌子面0~6.44 m为爆破近区，主导波型为水平S波；6.44~21.23 m为爆破中区，主导波型为水平P波；21.23 m外为爆破远区，主导波型为垂直R波。爆破分区分界点与单段最大药量呈线性关系，可通过爆破药量得到隧道爆破分区位置，用于隧道安全稳定性分析。Abstract: In tunnel blasting and excavation engineering, blasting vibration is the main harmful effect affecting safety and stability. In order to investigate the generation mechanism and propagation patterns of seismic waves resulting from blasting in tunnel contexts, a theoretical model based on plane strain conditions is developed to depict the tunnel surface vibration caused by blasting. Then, a solution in integral form is derived to describe the surface vibration field generated from tunnel blasting. Utilizing the Longnan tunnel blasting project as a contextual backdrop, a finite element numerical model is established to recreate the conditions. This allows for the validation of both the numerical simulations and theoretical solutions through on-site tests. To elucidate the propagation characteristics of distinct types of seismic waves resulting from blasting, a method adopting a high-resolution Radon transform approach is devised to separate the tunnel blasting seismic wave field. By combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulation, the propagation characteristics of P-waves, S-waves, and R-waves are ascertained. Further, by synthesizing theoretical results and wave field separation results, the seismic wave action partition of tunnel blasting is proposed. The results show that tunnel blasting excites P-waves and S-waves, while R-waves surge swiftly upon encountering the free surface. The triad of wave categories displays exponential attenuation tendencies, with S-waves demonstrating a swifter decay rate than P-waves, and P-waves outpacing R-waves in this regard. In terms of directional dominance, the main component in the vertical direction changes from S-wave to R-wave, and the main component in the horizontal direction changes from S-wave to P-wave, and then P-wave changes to R-wave. A detailed spatial analysis further elucidates this scenario. Under the working conditions of grade Ⅳ surrounding rock, the seismic wave action zone of tunnel blasting is as follows: the area of 0–6.44 m away from the tunnel axis to the tunnel face is regarded as the near area of blasting, where the dominant wave type is horizontal S-wave; the area of 6.44–21.23 m is regarded as the middle area of blasting, where the dominant wave type is horizontal P-wave; and the area beyond 21.23 m is regarded as blasting far zone, where the dominant wave type is vertical R-wave. In addition, a linear relationship exists between the boundary point of the blasting zone and the maximum amount of charge in a single section, and the position of the blasting zone in the tunnel can be obtained through the amount of blasting charge, which can be used for the analysis of the safety and stability of the tunnel.
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图 4 龙南隧道试验段炮孔布置
Figure 4. Layout of blast holes in the test section of the Longnan tunnel
图 9 τ-p正变换和逆变换的空间映射关系
Figure 9. Spatial mappings of τ-p forward and inverse transformations
图 13 输入质点位移与反演位移的比较
Figure 13. Comparison of input and inversion particle displacements
图 14 隧道表面P波、R波的传播规律
Figure 14. Propagation laws of P-wave and R-wave on tunnel surface
图 16 垂向、水平向峰值振速比分布
Figure 16. Distribution patterns of vertical-to-horizontal PPV ratios
图 18 P波、S波峰值振速比的分布规律
Figure 18. Distribution patterns of P-wave-to-S-wave peak particle velocity ratios
图 19 垂直与水平方向隧道表面爆破地震波作用范围
Figure 19. Action ranges of blasting seismic waves on tunnel surface in vertical and horizontal directions
表 1 数值模型材料参数
Table 1. Material parameters of the numerical model
结构 密度/(kg·m−3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服强度/MPa 切线模量/MPa Ⅳ级围岩 2300 4.00 0.31 5.0 2.2 初衬 2200 23.00 0.25 4.2 2.5 二衬 2500 32.00 0.20 6.0 2.4 
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