Generation of near-field blast wave by means of shock tube
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摘要: 激波管可以在实验室环境下模拟爆炸产生冲击波，具有参数易于控制和测量手段准确多样等优势，在爆炸冲击效应的研究中被广泛应用。但与真实爆炸相比，尤其是近场爆炸，激波管产生的冲击波存在正压作用时间难以缩短、超压峰值难以提升的困难。通过对激波管运行理论和数值模拟分析发现：缩短正压作用时间的关键是让反射稀疏波尽快追上入射激波；提升超压峰值的关键是提高驱动气体的驱动能力。为此，设计了一种驱动段为锥形截面的激波管，使得反射稀疏波更快地追上入射激波，从而有效减小激波管设备长度并缩短正压作用时间；同时，采用正向爆轰驱动技术，利用化学能代替高压空气驱动提高驱动气体声速，在低爆轰初始压力下可以获得高的超压峰值。数值计算结果表明，在入射激波马赫数（MS=2.0）相同条件下，相对于等截面驱动方式，采用锥形截面驱动方式时，激波管长度可以减少近2/3，正压作用时间可以缩短近1/2。激波管实验结果表明，锥形截面驱动激波管产生的超压曲线满足近场爆炸冲击波形要求，并获得了超压峰值为64.7～813.4 kPa、正压作用时间为1.7～4.8 ms的爆炸冲击波波形。该研究可为近场爆炸冲击波致伤及装备防护效应评价实验提供参考。Abstract: Shock tubes can simulate blast waves in laboratory settings, offering advantages such as easily controlled parameters and varied measurement methods. It is widely used in the research of blast wave effects. However, in comparison to real blast, particularly in near-field blast, the blast waves generated by shock tubes has challenges in achieving shorter positive pressure durations and higher overpressure values. Through analysis of shock tube theory and numerical simulations, it has been determined that reducing positive pressure durations hinges on ensuring a swift catch-up by the reflected rarefaction wave with the incident shock wave. Similarly, increasing peak overpressure relies on enhancing the driving capability of the driving gas. Therefore, a conical cross-section driving approach is proposed to reduce the positive pressure durations, which allows the reflected rarefaction wave to catch up with the incident shock wave faster. By employing forward detonation driving technology and utilizing chemical energy to replace high-pressure air to increase the sound speed of the driving gas, high peak overpressure can be achieved at low detonation initial pressure. Numerical simulations show that under the same conditions of the incident shock Mach number (MS=2.0), the positive pressure durations can be reduced by nearly half and the device length can be reduced to nearly one-third by implementing the conical section-driven approach. Experimental results from the shock tube show blast wave characteristics, with peak overpressures ranging from 64.7 kPa to 813.4 kPa and positive pressure durations ranging from 1.7 ms to 4.8 ms. In blast wave simulation experiments, it is important to maintain the peak overpressure within a reasonable range to prevent the interface from reaching the test position. However, when the interface does reach the test position, it is possible to simulate the temperature field of the fireball in near-field blast waves. This research provides the necessary experimental conditions for evaluating the impact of near-field blast waves on injuries and investigating the protective performance of equipment.
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Key words:
- blast wave /
- shock tube /
- detonation driving /
- near-field blast
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图 1 典型爆炸冲击波曲线（Friedlander波形）
Figure 1. Typical blast wave curve (Friedlander waveform)
图 3 常规激波管模拟爆炸冲击波参数关系曲线
Figure 3. Relations among parameters for conventional shock tube simulating blast wave
图 5 锥形截面驱动时激波管内压力分布和正压作用时间对比（MS=2.0）
Figure 5. The pressure and positive duration in the shock tube driven by conical section (MS=2.0)
图 6 驱动段锥形截面正向爆轰驱动波系图
Figure 6. Diagram of wave system in shock tube driven by forward detonation with conical section
图 7 不同时刻激波管内的压力和温度分布
Figure 7. Pressure and temperature distribution in the shock tube at different times
图 8 爆轰驱动时不同位置压力曲线
Figure 8. The pressure at different positions in shock tube driven by forward detonation
图 9 近场爆炸冲击波模拟激波管装置
Figure 9. The shock tube device for simulating near-field blast wave
图 11 不同初始充气压力下正向爆轰驱动实验获得的典型超压曲线（n(H2)∶n(O2)=3∶1）
Figure 11. Typical overpressure-time histories obtained in positive detonation driving experiment at different initial inflation pressures and n(H2)∶n(O2)=3∶1
图 12 空气驱动时数值计算结果比较
Figure 12. Comparison of numerical calculation results under high-pressure air driving
图 13 正向爆轰驱动时数值计算结果比较
Figure 13. Comparison of numerical calculation results under forward detonation driving
图 14 正向爆轰驱动中接触面高温气流对实验样品影响
Figure 14. Effect of high-temperature gas flow at the interface on the experimental samples in forward detonation driving experiment
表 1 在H2和O2充气物质的量的比为3∶1和不同初始压力条件下正向爆轰驱动实验获得的超压峰值和正压作用时间
Table 1. Peak overpressure and positive pressure action time obtained in positive detonation driving experiment at different initial inflation pressures and n(H2)∶n(O2)=3∶1
实验状态 初始压力/MPa 超压峰值/kPa 正压作用时间/ms 1 0.55 490.4 4.7 2 0.60 539.5 4.8 3 0.65 624.2 4.8 4 0.85 813.4 4.4 
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