XIAO Dingjun, ZHU Zheming, PU Chuanjin, LU Lu, HU Rong. Study of testing method for dynamic initiation toughness of blue sandstone under blasting loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2020, 40(2): 024101. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0516
Citation: XIAO Dingjun, ZHU Zheming, PU Chuanjin, LU Lu, HU Rong. Study of testing method for dynamic initiation toughness of blue sandstone under blasting loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2020, 40(2): 024101. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0516

Study of testing method for dynamic initiation toughness of blue sandstone under blasting loading

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0516
  • Received Date: 2018-12-26
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-05-10
  • Available Online: 2019-11-25
  • Publish Date: 2020-02-01
  • In this paper, an internal central single-cracked disk (ICSCD) specimen was proposed for the study of dynamic fracture initiation toughness of sandstone under blasting loading. We conducted blasting tests on an ICSCD specimen fabricated from a blue sandstone disc (400 mm in diameter) with a crack (60 mm in length), obtained a blasting strain-time curve from the radial strain gauges fixed around the blast hole, determined the fracture initiation time with the circumferential strain gauges placed around the crack tip, and then derived the stress history on the blast hole of the sandstone specimen from the measured strain curve through the Laplace transform. Furthermore, we obtained the numerical solutions using numerical inversion, establishing a numerical model using the finite element software ANSYS, and derived Type I dynamic stress intensity factor curves of the sandstone under blasting loading by the mutual interaction, with the results achieved: (1) the ICSCD specimen can be used to measure the dynamic initiation fracture toughness of rocks; (2) the stress on the blast hole wall can be obtained by the Laplace numerical inversion method; (3) the dynamic initiation fracture toughness of the ICSCD sandstone specimen can be calculated by the experimental-numerical method with an error below 7%.
  • [1]
    ZHOU L, ZHU Z M, DONG Y Q, et al. The influence of impacting orientations on the failure modes of cracked tunnel [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2019, 125: 134–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.11.010.
    [2]
    HU Y G, LIU M S, WU X X, et al. Damage-vibration couple control of rock mass blasting for high rock slopes [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2018, 103: 137–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.01.028.
    [3]
    HASANIPANAH M, AMNIEH H B, ARAB H, et al. Feasibility of pso-anfis model to estimate rock fragmentation produced by mine blasting [J]. Neural Computing and Applications, 2018, 30(4): 1015–1024. DOI: 10.1007/s00521-016-2746-1.
    [4]
    YUE Z W, QIU P, YANG R S, et al. Stress analysis of the interaction of a running crack and blasting waves by caustics method [J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2017, 184: 339–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.08.037.
    [5]
    WANG Y B, YANG R S. Study of the dynamic fracture characteristics of coal with a bedding structure based on the NSCB impact test [J]. Engineering fracture mechanics, 2017, 184: 319–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.09.006.
    [6]
    SEGARRA P, SANCHIDRIAN A, CASTEDO R, et al. Coupling of blasting seismographs to rock and its effectiveness for horizontal ground motion [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2017, 92: 81–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.12.012.
    [7]
    ZHOU L, ZHU Z M, DONG Y Q, et al. Study of the fracture behavior of mode Ⅰ and mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ cracks in tunnel under impact loads [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2019, 84: 11–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.018.
    [8]
    YI C P, SJÖBERG J, JOHANSSON D. Numerical modelling for blast-induced fragmentation in sublevel caving mines [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2017, 68: 167–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.030.
    [9]
    SIM Y, CHO G, SONG K. Prediction of fragmentation zone induced by blasting in rock [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2017, 50(8): 2177–2192. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-017-1210-6.
    [10]
    张财贵, 曹富, 李炼, 等. 采用压缩单裂纹圆孔板确定岩石动态起裂、扩展和止裂韧度 [J]. 力学学报, 2016, 48(3): 624–635. DOI: 10.6052/0459-1879-15-349.

    ZHANG C G, CAO F, LI L, et al. Determination of dynamic fracture initiation, propagation, and arrest toughness of rock using scdc specimen [J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2016, 48(3): 624–635. DOI: 10.6052/0459-1879-15-349.
    [11]
    杨井瑞, 张财贵, 周妍, 等. 用SCDC试样测试岩石动态断裂韧度的新方法 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(2): 279–292. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.02.007.

    YANG J R, ZHANG C G, ZHOU Y, et al. A new method for determining dynamic fracture toughness of rock using scdc specimens [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(2): 279–292. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.02.007.
    [12]
    WANG Q, YANG J, ZHANG C, et al. Sequential determination of dynamic initiation and propagation toughness of rock using an experimental-numerical-analytical method [J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2015, 141: 78–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.04.025.
    [13]
    ZHOU Y, XIA K, LI X B, et al. Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2012, 49(1): 105–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.10.004.
    [14]
    DAI F, WEI M D, XU N W, et al. Numerical investigation of the progressive fracture mechanisms of four ISRM-suggested specimens for determining the mode I fracture toughness of rocks [J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2015, 69: 424–441. DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.06.011.
    [15]
    赵新涛, 刘东燕, 程贵海, 等. 爆生气体作用机理及岩体裂纹扩展分析 [J]. 重庆大学学报, 2011, 34(6): 75–80. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582x.2011.06.014.

    ZHAO X T, LIU D Y, CHENG G H, et al. Analysis of blasting gas mechanism and rock crack growth [J]. Journal of Chongqing University, 2011, 34(6): 75–80. DOI: 10.11835/j.issn.1000-582x.2011.06.014.
    [16]
    杨小林, 王梦恕. 爆生气体作用下岩石裂纹的扩展机理 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2001, 21(2): 111–116.

    YANG X L, WANG M S. Mechanism of rock crack growth under detonation gas loading [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2001, 21(2): 111–116.
    [17]
    杨仁树, 丁晨曦, 王雁冰, 等. 爆炸应力波与爆生气体对被爆介质作用效应研究 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2016, 35(S2): 3501–3506. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2016.0066.

    YANG R S, DING C X, WANG Y B, et al. Action-effect study of medium under loading of explosion stress wave and explosion gas [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(S2): 3501–3506. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2016.0066.
    [18]
    李清, 薛耀东, 于强, 等. 含预制裂纹L形梁柱试件动态断裂过程 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(3): 491–500. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0255.

    LI Q, XUE Y D, YU Q, et al. Dynamic fracture processes of L-shaped beam-column specimens with prefabricated cracks [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(3): 491–500. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0255.
    [19]
    邱加冬, 李地元, 李夕兵, 等. 预制缺陷对花岗岩层裂破坏的影响 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(3): 665–670. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2016-0310.

    QIU J D, LI D Y, LI X B, et al. Effect of pre-existing flaws on spalling fracture of granite [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(3): 665–670. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2016-0310.
    [20]
    张柱, 赵慧, 于晖. 混凝土材料动态力学性能实验与数值模拟研究 [J]. 高压物理学报, 2011, 25(6): 533–538. DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.2011.06.00.

    ZHANG Z, ZHAO H, YU H. Experiments and numerical simulations of concrete dynamic mechanical properties [J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2011, 25(6): 533–538. DOI: 10.11858/gywlxb.2011.06.00.
    [21]
    张培文, 李世强, 王志华, 等. 爆炸载荷作用下具有可折叠芯层夹芯梁的动态响应 [J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(1): 140–147. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0017.

    ZHANG P W, LI S Q, WANG Z H, et al. Dynamic response of sandwich beam with foldable core under blast loading [J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(1): 140–147. DOI: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0017.
    [22]
    胡刚, 郝传波, 景海河. 爆炸作用下岩石介质应力波传播规律研究 [J]. 煤炭学报, 2001, 26(3): 270–273. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9993.2001.03.010.

    HU G, HAO C B, JING H H. Study of the laws of stress wave propagation in rock bar under blasting loading [J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2001, 26(3): 270–273. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9993.2001.03.010.
    [23]
    刘明涛, 汤铁钢, 郭昭亮, 等. 膨胀环实验平台及其在材料动力学行为研究中的应用 [J]. 实验力学, 2016, 31(1): 47–56. DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-15-022.

    LIU M T, TANG T G, GUO Z L, et al. Expanding ring experimental platform and its application in material dynamic mechanical behavior investigation [J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2016, 31(1): 47–56. DOI: 10.7520/1001-4888-15-022.
    [24]
    SHI F F, MERLE R, HOU B, et al. A critical analysis of plane shear tests under quasi-static and impact loading [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2014, 74(9): 107–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.06.012.
    [25]
    CHOUDHRY S, LEE J K. Dynamic plane-strain finite element simulation of industrial sheet-metal forming processes [J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1994, 36(3): 189–207. DOI: 10.1016/0020-7403(94)90069-8.
    [26]
    XIA K, HUANG S, DAI F. Evaluation of the frictional effect in dynamic notched semi-circular bend tests [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 62(9): 148–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.06.001.
    [27]
    张盛, 李新文. 中心孔径对岩石动态断裂韧度测试值的影响 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(8): 1660–1666. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.1404.

    ZHANG S, LI X W. Influence of diameter of center holes on measured values of dynamic fracture toughness of rock [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(8): 1660–1666. DOI: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.1404.
    [28]
    徐世烺. 混凝土断裂试验与断裂韧度测定标准方法[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社出版, 2010.
    [29]
    洪亮, 李夕兵, 马春德, 等. 岩石动态强度及其应变率灵敏性的尺寸效应研究 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2008, 27(3): 526–533. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.03.012.

    HONG L, LI X B, MA C D, et al. Study on size effect of rock dynamic strength and strain rate sensitivity [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2008, 27(3): 526–533. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.03.012.
    [30]
    周妍, 张财贵, 杨井瑞. 圆孔内单边(或双边)裂纹平台巴西圆盘应力强度因子的全面标定 [J]. 应用数学和力学, 2015, 36(1): 16–30. DOI: 10.3879/j.issn.1000-0887.2015.01.002.

    ZHOU Y, ZHANG C G, YANG J R. Comprehensive calibration of the stress intensity factor for the holed flattened brazilian disc with an inner single crack or double cracks [J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2015, 36(1): 16–30. DOI: 10.3879/j.issn.1000-0887.2015.01.002.
    [31]
    樊鸿, 张盛, 王启智. 用应变片法确定混凝土动态起裂时间的研究 [J]. 振动与冲击, 2010, 29(1): 153–156. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3835.2010.01.033.

    FAN H, ZHANG S, WANG Q Z. Determining dynamic fracture initiation time for concrete with strain gauge method [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2010, 29(1): 153–156. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3835.2010.01.033.
    [32]
    WEISBROD G, RITTEL D. A method for dynamic fracture toughness determination using short beams [J]. International Journal of Fracture, 2000, 104(1): 89–103. DOI: 10.1023/a:1007673528573.
    [33]
    闫长斌, 徐国元, 杨飞. 爆破动荷载作用下围岩累积损伤效应声波测试研究 [J]. 岩土工程学报, 2007, 29(1): 88–93. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2007.01.014.

    YAN C B, XU G Y, YANG F. Measurement of sound waves to study cumulative damage effect on surrounding rock under blasting load [J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2007, 29(1): 88–93. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2007.01.014.
    [34]
    张培源, 张晓敏, 汪天庚. 岩石弹性模量与弹性波速的关系 [J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2001, 20(6): 785–788. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2001.06.006.

    ZHANG P Y, ZHANG X M, WANG T G. Relationship between elastic moduli and wave velocities in rock [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2001, 20(6): 785–788. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2001.06.006.
    [35]
    尹尚先, 王尚旭. 弹性模量、波速与应力的关系及其应用 [J]. 岩土力学, 2003(S2): 597–601. DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2003.s2.143.

    YIN S X, WANG S X. Relation of stresses with elastic modulus and velocities and its application [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2003(S2): 597–601. DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2003.s2.143.
    [36]
    杨桂通, 张善元. 弹性动力学[M]. 北京: 中国铁道出版社, 1988.
    [37]
    RICE J R. A path integral and the approximate analysis of ctrain concentration by notches and cracks [J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968, 35(2): 379–386. DOI: 10.1115/1.3601206.
    [38]
    宫经全, 张少钦, 李禾, 等. 基于相互作用积分法的应力强度因子计算 [J]. 南昌航空大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 29(1): 42–48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4926.2015.01.007.

    GONG J Q, ZHANG S Q, LI H, et al. Computation of the stress intensity factor based on the interaction integral method [J]. Journal of Nanchang Hangkong University (Natural Sciences), 2015, 29(1): 42–48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4926.2015.01.007.
  • Relative Articles

    [1]HUANG Zheng, PAN Zuanfeng. Analysis of dynamic behavior of light-frame wood walls under blast loads[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0431
    [2]SUN Pengchang, YANG Guangdong, LU Wenbo, FAN Yong, MENG Haili, XUE Li. A study on explosive load history of rock blasting considering rock failure zones[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2024, 44(3): 035201. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0206
    [3]YU Jun, LIU Fuyu, FANG Qin. Distribution pattern and simplified model of blast load for building columns under near-field near-ground explosion[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2024, 44(1): 015201. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2022-0366
    [4]ZHANG Haipeng, PAN Zuanfeng, SI Doudou. Numerical simulation on dynamic response of reinforced concrete beams to secondary explosion[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2024, 44(10): 101404. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2024-0021
    [5]SI Doudou, PAN Zuanfeng, ZENG Bin, ZHANG Haipeng, GAO Yukui. Analysis of the dynamic response of prestressed concrete frame structures under blast load[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2023, 43(11): 112201. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0080
    [6]SU Qiong, CHENG Yuehua, WU Hao. Flexural damage assessment for UHPC panels under blast loadings[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2023, 43(12): 125103. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2023-0160
    [7]ZENG Fan, FENG Xiaowei, HUANG Chao, XU Quan, XIAO Guizhong, TIAN Rong. Modified discrete numerical model for reinforced concrete structures[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2022, 42(6): 065102. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0286
    [8]ZHAO Chunfeng, HE Kaicheng, LU Xin, PAN Rong, WANG Jingfeng, LI Xiaojie. Numerical study of blast resistance of curved steel-concrete-steel composite slabs[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2022, 42(2): 025101. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2021-0205
    [9]JIANG Yacheng, ZHOU Lei, ZHU Zheming, LI Jianfei, NIU Caoyuan, YING Peng. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on dynamic fracture initiation characteristics of surrounding rock with pure Ⅰ type fracture under impact loads[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2021, 41(4): 043104. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2020-0330
    [10]SUN Jiachao, CHEN Xiaowei, DENG Yongjun, YAO Yong. Dynamic response of mesoscopic plain/reinforced concrete slabs under blast loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2019, 39(11): 113101. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0506
    [11]PENG Yulin, WU Hao, FANG Qin. Blast loading distributions on the circular sectional bridge columns[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2019, 39(12): 122201. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0317
    [12]FAN Yuan, CHEN Li, REN Huiqi, FENG Peng, FANG Qin. Blast-resistant mechanism of RC beam with kinked rebar and calculation method of dynamic resistance coefficient[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2019, 39(3): 035102. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2018-0181
    [13]LI Lingfeng, WEI Zhuobin, TANG Ting, DONG Qi, LIU Jinghan, QIU Yanyu. Damage effects of the caisson gravity wharf model subjected to explosion[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2019, 39(1): 012202. doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2017-0406
    [14]Xu Shenchun, Liu Zhongxian, Wu Chengqing. Field blast test and numerical simulation of ultra-high performance steel fiber reinforced concrete-filled double skin steel tube column under blast loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2017, 37(4): 649-660. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2017)04-0649-12
    [15]Li Shiqiang, Li Xin, Wu Guiying, Wang Zhihua, Zhao Longmao. Dynamic response of functionally graded honeycomb sandwich plates under blast loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2016, 36(3): 333-339. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2016)03-0333-07
    [16]Li Meng-shen, Li Jie, Li Hong, Shi Cun-cheng, Zhang Ning. Deformation and failure of reinforced concrete beams under blast loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2015, 35(2): 177-183. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2015)02-0177-07
    [17]Ji Chong, Xu Quan-jun, Wan Wen-qian, Gao Fu-yin, Song Ke-jian. Dynamic responses of steel cylindrical shells under lateral explosion loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2014, 34(2): 137-144. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2014)02-0137-08
    [18]Yang Jing-rui, Zhang Cai-gui, Zhou Yan, Wang Qi-zhi. Determination of dynamic initiation toughness and propagation toughness of sandstone using CSTBD specimens[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2014, 34(3): 264-271. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2014)03-0264-08
    [19]Sun Hui-xiang, Xu Jin-yu, Zhu Guo-fu, Wen Ke-xu. Dynamic interaction between surrounding rock and underground structure subjected to blast loading[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2013, 33(5): 519-524. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2013)05-0519-06
    [20]LIU Hong-yan, QIN Si-qing, YANG Jun. Simulation of rock failure by numerical manifold method under blasting load[J]. Explosion And Shock Waves, 2007, 27(1): 50-56. doi: 10.11883/1001-1455(2007)01-0050-07
  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(3)

    1. 李鸿宾,范文兵,刘正和. 水力冲击下砂岩裂缝起裂与扩展试验研究. 广西大学学报(自然科学版). 2025(02): 253-263 .
    2. 郭进平,杨延光,张雯,李亚超. 高温后砂岩动态损伤与破坏特征试验研究. 河南理工大学学报(自然科学版). 2023(02): 160-165 .
    3. 楼晓明,陈诗伟,李广斌,牛明远,林日宗,姚炳金. 耦合装药条件下不同孔径孔壁冲击压力的阶段特征. 爆炸与冲击. 2023(08): 168-181 . 本站查看

    Other cited types(4)

  • 加载中
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Class DistributionFULLTEXT: 24.1 %FULLTEXT: 24.1 %META: 74.7 %META: 74.7 %PDF: 1.2 %PDF: 1.2 %FULLTEXTMETAPDF
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Area Distribution其他: 81.4 %其他: 81.4 %其他: 0.0 %其他: 0.0 %Matawan: 0.0 %Matawan: 0.0 %Seattle: 0.0 %Seattle: 0.0 %[]: 2.5 %[]: 2.5 %三明: 0.0 %三明: 0.0 %上海: 0.2 %上海: 0.2 %东莞: 0.0 %东莞: 0.0 %中山: 0.0 %中山: 0.0 %临汾: 0.0 %临汾: 0.0 %丽水: 0.1 %丽水: 0.1 %乌兰察布: 0.0 %乌兰察布: 0.0 %乌鲁木齐: 0.0 %乌鲁木齐: 0.0 %乐山: 0.0 %乐山: 0.0 %亳州: 0.0 %亳州: 0.0 %信阳: 0.0 %信阳: 0.0 %兰州: 0.1 %兰州: 0.1 %包头: 0.0 %包头: 0.0 %北京: 4.6 %北京: 4.6 %南京: 0.2 %南京: 0.2 %南宁: 0.1 %南宁: 0.1 %南平: 0.0 %南平: 0.0 %南昌: 0.1 %南昌: 0.1 %南通: 0.0 %南通: 0.0 %厦门: 0.0 %厦门: 0.0 %台州: 0.0 %台州: 0.0 %合肥: 0.2 %合肥: 0.2 %吉安: 0.0 %吉安: 0.0 %呼和浩特: 0.1 %呼和浩特: 0.1 %哈尔滨: 0.0 %哈尔滨: 0.0 %商丘: 0.0 %商丘: 0.0 %大连: 0.0 %大连: 0.0 %天津: 0.1 %天津: 0.1 %太原: 0.0 %太原: 0.0 %孝感: 0.0 %孝感: 0.0 %宁德: 0.0 %宁德: 0.0 %宁波: 0.1 %宁波: 0.1 %安庆: 0.1 %安庆: 0.1 %安康: 0.0 %安康: 0.0 %宜春: 0.0 %宜春: 0.0 %宝鸡: 0.0 %宝鸡: 0.0 %宿州: 0.0 %宿州: 0.0 %宿迁: 0.0 %宿迁: 0.0 %常州: 0.0 %常州: 0.0 %广元: 0.0 %广元: 0.0 %广州: 0.0 %广州: 0.0 %廊坊: 2.5 %廊坊: 2.5 %张家口: 0.4 %张家口: 0.4 %徐州: 0.1 %徐州: 0.1 %德宏: 0.0 %德宏: 0.0 %德州: 0.0 %德州: 0.0 %惠州: 0.0 %惠州: 0.0 %成都: 0.8 %成都: 0.8 %扬州: 0.1 %扬州: 0.1 %抚州: 0.0 %抚州: 0.0 %新余: 0.0 %新余: 0.0 %昆明: 0.1 %昆明: 0.1 %昌都: 0.0 %昌都: 0.0 %普洱: 0.0 %普洱: 0.0 %曲靖: 0.0 %曲靖: 0.0 %杭州: 0.7 %杭州: 0.7 %格拉沃利讷: 0.0 %格拉沃利讷: 0.0 %武汉: 0.4 %武汉: 0.4 %汕头: 0.0 %汕头: 0.0 %江门: 0.0 %江门: 0.0 %池州: 0.0 %池州: 0.0 %沈阳: 0.1 %沈阳: 0.1 %泉州: 0.0 %泉州: 0.0 %泰州: 0.0 %泰州: 0.0 %泸州: 0.0 %泸州: 0.0 %洛杉矶: 0.0 %洛杉矶: 0.0 %洛阳: 0.1 %洛阳: 0.1 %济南: 0.1 %济南: 0.1 %海东: 0.0 %海东: 0.0 %淄博: 0.0 %淄博: 0.0 %淮北: 0.0 %淮北: 0.0 %淮南: 0.1 %淮南: 0.1 %淮安: 0.0 %淮安: 0.0 %深圳: 0.1 %深圳: 0.1 %清远: 0.0 %清远: 0.0 %温州: 0.0 %温州: 0.0 %湘潭: 0.0 %湘潭: 0.0 %漳州: 0.0 %漳州: 0.0 %烟台: 0.0 %烟台: 0.0 %焦作: 0.1 %焦作: 0.1 %玉林: 0.0 %玉林: 0.0 %珠海: 0.0 %珠海: 0.0 %甘南: 0.0 %甘南: 0.0 %白银: 0.0 %白银: 0.0 %益阳: 0.0 %益阳: 0.0 %盐城: 0.0 %盐城: 0.0 %眉山: 0.0 %眉山: 0.0 %石家庄: 0.3 %石家庄: 0.3 %福州: 0.0 %福州: 0.0 %秦皇岛: 0.1 %秦皇岛: 0.1 %米尔顿凯恩斯: 0.0 %米尔顿凯恩斯: 0.0 %绍兴: 0.0 %绍兴: 0.0 %绵阳: 0.3 %绵阳: 0.3 %自贡: 0.0 %自贡: 0.0 %舟山: 0.0 %舟山: 0.0 %苏州: 0.1 %苏州: 0.1 %荆州: 0.0 %荆州: 0.0 %荆门: 0.0 %荆门: 0.0 %莆田: 0.0 %莆田: 0.0 %莱芜: 0.0 %莱芜: 0.0 %菏泽: 0.0 %菏泽: 0.0 %蚌埠: 0.1 %蚌埠: 0.1 %衡水: 0.0 %衡水: 0.0 %衢州: 0.0 %衢州: 0.0 %西宁: 0.3 %西宁: 0.3 %西安: 0.1 %西安: 0.1 %许昌: 0.0 %许昌: 0.0 %贵阳: 0.1 %贵阳: 0.1 %赣州: 0.0 %赣州: 0.0 %赤峰: 0.0 %赤峰: 0.0 %运城: 0.0 %运城: 0.0 %连云港: 0.1 %连云港: 0.1 %邢台: 0.2 %邢台: 0.2 %郑州: 0.5 %郑州: 0.5 %郴州: 0.0 %郴州: 0.0 %鄂尔多斯: 0.0 %鄂尔多斯: 0.0 %重庆: 0.2 %重庆: 0.2 %金华: 0.0 %金华: 0.0 %金昌: 0.0 %金昌: 0.0 %铜陵: 0.0 %铜陵: 0.0 %银川: 0.1 %银川: 0.1 %镇江: 0.0 %镇江: 0.0 %长春: 0.0 %长春: 0.0 %长沙: 0.1 %长沙: 0.1 %长治: 0.0 %长治: 0.0 %阜新: 0.1 %阜新: 0.1 %阜阳: 0.0 %阜阳: 0.0 %雅安: 0.1 %雅安: 0.1 %青岛: 0.1 %青岛: 0.1 %鞍山: 0.0 %鞍山: 0.0 %香港特别行政区: 0.0 %香港特别行政区: 0.0 %马鞍山: 0.0 %马鞍山: 0.0 %驻马店: 0.1 %驻马店: 0.1 %黄山: 0.0 %黄山: 0.0 %黄石: 0.0 %黄石: 0.0 %龙岩: 0.0 %龙岩: 0.0 %其他其他MatawanSeattle[]三明上海东莞中山临汾丽水乌兰察布乌鲁木齐乐山亳州信阳兰州包头北京南京南宁南平南昌南通厦门台州合肥吉安呼和浩特哈尔滨商丘大连天津太原孝感宁德宁波安庆安康宜春宝鸡宿州宿迁常州广元广州廊坊张家口徐州德宏德州惠州成都扬州抚州新余昆明昌都普洱曲靖杭州格拉沃利讷武汉汕头江门池州沈阳泉州泰州泸州洛杉矶洛阳济南海东淄博淮北淮南淮安深圳清远温州湘潭漳州烟台焦作玉林珠海甘南白银益阳盐城眉山石家庄福州秦皇岛米尔顿凯恩斯绍兴绵阳自贡舟山苏州荆州荆门莆田莱芜菏泽蚌埠衡水衢州西宁西安许昌贵阳赣州赤峰运城连云港邢台郑州郴州鄂尔多斯重庆金华金昌铜陵银川镇江长春长沙长治阜新阜阳雅安青岛鞍山香港特别行政区马鞍山驻马店黄山黄石龙岩

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(13)  / Tables(4)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (5950) PDF downloads(89) Cited by(7)
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return