Dynamic split tests of UHPFRC discs and failure mechanism analysis based on μXCT images
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摘要: 采用分离式霍普金森压杆对钢纤维体积分数为0～3%的超高性能纤维增强混凝土（ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete, UHPFRC）圆盘试件进行应变率为1.72～7.42 s−1的动态劈裂试验，使用高速摄像机结合数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）法获得试件表面裂缝扩展全过程图像和应变演化过程，并对冲击前后试件进行微观X射线计算断层扫描（micro X-ray computed tomography, μXCT），获得分辨率为56.7 μm的三维内部图像，并进行统计和破坏机理分析。结果表明：(1)相比无纤维试件，掺入1%～3%的钢纤维，静、动劈裂强度分别提高84%～131%和47%～87%，动劈裂强度增强因子（即动静强度比值）为1.07～1.72；(2) DIC应变图像分析表明，无纤维试件裂缝集中、破坏快、能耗低；含纤维试件裂缝弥散程度大、能耗高、延性好，且随着纤维含量的提高而提升；(3) μXCT图像分析表明，试件中钢纤维体积分数为1.04%～2.47%，与设计基本一致，孔洞体积分数为0.98%～1.71%，纤维掺量的提高，降低了孔洞数量和总体积分数，但孔洞的平均体积和平均等效直径增大；裂缝桥连纤维数量的增加，减小了主裂缝的体积和平均宽度，提高了裂缝面的粗糙度和相对表面积，从而提高了试件的强度、能耗、韧性和延性。
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关键词:
- 动态劈裂 /
- 超高性能纤维增强混凝土 /
- 微观X射线计算断层扫描 /
- 断裂机理 /
- 数字图像相关
Abstract: In order to better investigate the dynamic tensile properties and damage mechanism of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), dynamic split tests with the strain rates of 1.72－7.42 s-1 were carried out by a split Hopkinson pressure bar for UHPFRC discs with the fibre volume fractions of 0－3%. The surface crack propagation processes of the UHPFRC discs were captured by a high-speed camera and the images were analyzed by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique for strain evolution. Micro X-ray computed tomography (μXCT) scanning of the UHPFRC disc specimens before and after the dynamic tests was also conducted. The 3D images of the internal micro structures of the specimens with a voxel resolution of 56.7 μm were reconstructed, and they were then processed to statistically quantify the distribution, volume fractions and sizes of pores, fibres and cracks. Moreover, the dynamic failure mechanisms, such as pullout from the matrix, bending and breakage of steel fibres, crack propagation and merging in the mortar, etc., were visualized and analyzed. The main results obtained are as follows. (1) The addition of 1%－3% steel fibres raises the static and dynamic splitting strength by 84%－131% and 47%－87%, respectively. The dynamic increase factor (ratio of dynamic to static strength) is 1.07－1.72. (2) DIC images demonstrate that the fibres lead to more dispersed cracks, slower crack propagation, higher energy consumption and higher ductility. (3) The μXCT image analysis shows that the fibre volume fraction is 1.04%－2.47%, consistent with the designed proportion, while the porosity is 0.98%－1.71%. Fibres reduce the porosity and the number of pores, but increase their average volume and equivalent diameter. The increase of crack-bridging fibres reduces the volume and width of main cracks and raises the surface roughness and the relative surface area of cracks, resulting in the increase of strength, energy dissipation, toughness and ductility of specimens. The research data are useful for improvement of dynamic design guidelines and optimization for UHPFRC materials and structures. -
图 8 动态劈裂后的试件（冲击应变率为1.72～7.42 s−1）
Figure 8. Specimens after dynamic splitting at the strain rates of 1.72－7.42 s−1
图 9 由高速摄影和数字图像相关技术结合获得的试件DT0-3开裂过程和竖向拉应变场演化
Figure 9. Crack and vertical tensile strain field evolutionsin specimen DT0-3 by combining the high-speed videoand digital image correlation techniques
图 10 由高速摄影和数字图像相关技术结合获得的试件DT1-3开裂过程和竖向拉应变场演化
Figure 10. Crack and vertical tensile strain field evolutionsin specimen DT1-3 by combining the high-speed videoand digital image correlation techniques
图 11 DT0～DT3组试件劈裂应力-时间曲线
Figure 11. Splitting stress-time curves of specimen groups DT0－DT3
图 12 试件劈裂强度与钢纤维掺量的关系
Figure 12. Splitting strength of specimens varied with steel fibre content
图 13 钢纤维对试件劈裂强度的增强效应
Figure 13. Enhancement effect of steel fiber on splitting strength of specimens
图 14 UHPFRC的动态劈裂平均能耗
Figure 14. Average energy consumption of UHPFRC in dynamic splitting
图 15 经裁剪、降噪和过滤处理后的μXCT图像
Figure 15. The μXCT images after cropping, filtering, and segmentation
图 16 纤维和孔洞灰度阈值的初步确定
Figure 16. Initial determination of grey thresholds for pores and fibres
图 17 孔洞体积分数对灰度阈值的灵敏度分析
Figure 17. Sensitivity analysis of pore volume fraction to the grey threshold
图 19 试件DT0-3～DT3-3分割后孔洞3D图像
Figure 19. Segmented 3D images of pores for specimens DT0-3－DT3-3
图 20 试件DT1-3～DT3-3分割后的纤维
Figure 20. Segmented 3D images and skeleton of fibres for specimens DT1-3－DT3-3
图 21 试件DT1-3在xy平面裂缝宽度（切片 400）
Figure 21. Crack width on the xy plane of the specimen DT1-3 (slice 400)
图 25 试件DT1-3主裂缝及跨过裂缝的纤维
Figure 25. The main crack and crack-crossing fibres of specimen DT1-3
图 26 试件DT2-3主裂缝及跨过裂缝的纤维
Figure 26. The main crack and crack-crossing fibres of specimen DT2-3
图 27 试件DT3-3主裂缝及跨过裂缝的纤维
Figure 27. The main crack and crack-crossing fibres of specimen DT3-3
表 1 各组UHPFRC试件的配合比
Table 1. Mixing proportions of UHPFRC specimens for each test group
试件 钢纤维体积分数/% 配合比/(kg·m−3) 静力压缩 准静态劈裂 动态劈裂 水泥 硅灰 水 细砂 石英粉 减水剂 钢纤维 C0 ST0 DT0 0 1054 263 263 580 316 24 0 C1 ST1 DT1 1 1054 263 263 580 316 24 78 C2 ST2 DT2 2 1054 263 263 580 316 24 156 C3 ST3 DT3 3 1054 263 263 580 316 24 234 
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表 2 静力压缩试验结果
Table 2. Results of static compression tests
试件 钢纤维体积分数/% 峰值应变/% 峰值应力/MPa 弹性模量/GPa SC0 0 0.325±0.039 106.82±5.03 39.68±1.88 SC1 1 0.327±0.030 118.82±4.18 40.31±1.34 SC2 2 0.351±0.064 138.43±6.51 44.12±1.19 SC3 3 0.359±0.016 155.12±0.40 45.14±1.26
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表 3 静力劈裂试验结果
Table 3. Results of static split tests
试件 钢纤维体积分数/% 劈裂强度/MPa 试件 钢纤维体积分数/% 劈裂强度/MPa ST0 0 11.41±0.46 ST2 2 23.47±1.04 ST1 1 20.98±1.23 ST3 3 26.37±0.22
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表 4 动态劈裂试验结果
Table 4. Results of dynamic split tests
试件 $ \dot{\sigma } $/(GPa·s−1) $ \dot{\varepsilon } $/s−1 T/μs $ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{T}} $/MPa $ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{a}} $/MPa δt DT0-1 66.80 1.72 228 15.23 16.62 ± 2.12 1.33 DT0-2 89.40 2.30 168 15.02 1.32 DT0-3 118.13 3.04 166 19.61 1.72 DT1-1 258.37 6.41 94 24.29 24.41± 0.11 1.16 DT1-2 191.70 4.76 128 24.54 1.17 DT1-3 217.20 5.39 112 24.33 1.16 DT2-1 186.67 4.23 134 25.01 25.65± 0.79 1.07 DT2-2 233.08 5.28 108 25.17 1.07 DT2-3 196.76 4.46 136 26.76 1.14 DT3-1 177.31 3.93 170 30.14 31.06 ±0.83 1.14 DT3-2 334.93 7.42 96 32.15 1.22 DT3-3 166.04 3.68 186 30.88 1.17
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表 5 试件DT0-3～DT3-3孔洞分布统计
Table 5. Statistics of pore distribution of specimens DT0-3－DT3-3
试件 孔洞体积
分数/%孔洞数目 孔洞平均
体积/mm3平均等效
直径/mm孔洞数目（占比） de=56.7～400 μm de=>400～800 μm de=>800～1600 μm de>1600 μm DT0-3 1.71 38671 0.053 0.466 27089
(70.05%)10012
(25.89%)1439
(3.72%)131
(0.34%)DT1-3 1.58 21384 0.089 0.554 12859
(60.13%)7389
(34.55%)983
(4.60%)153
(0.72%)DT2-3 1.20 15508 0.093 0.563 8847
(57.05%)5736
(36.99%)810
(5.22%)115
(0.74%)DT3-3 0.98 10158 0.101 0.579 6404
(63.04%)3134
(30.85%)548
(5.39%)72
(0.71%)
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表 6 裂缝及桥连纤维的统计分析
Table 6. Statistical analysis of cracks and bridged fibers
试件 桥连纤维
根数裂缝体积/
mm3裂缝表面积/
mm2相对表面积/
mm−1DT1-3 328 7118.97 10963.40 1.54 DT2-3 747 3234.73 6319.61 1.95 DT3-3 1 468 3081.81 6545.25 2.12
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