Study on resistance of UHMWPE thin panels to oblique penetration of small arms ammo
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摘要: 为解决高性能轻质防弹插板受轻武器杀伤元侵彻防护问题，对超高分子量聚乙烯（ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene，UHMWPE）层压薄板进行了侵彻实验，分析了侵彻后UHMWPE薄板的变形失效特征并对比了轻武器杀伤元的破坏形貌。利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了UHMWPE薄板抗轻武器杀伤元侵彻数值模型，通过靶板破坏形态、凹陷深度以及弹头变形的实验结果对数值模型的有效性进行了验证。在此基础上，通过数值模拟方法研究了UHMWPE薄板受弹体斜侵彻失效模式，揭示了3种轻武器杀伤元侵彻下入射角度对跳弹现象和UHMWPE薄板破坏形态的影响规律。结果表明：7.62 mm×25 mm的钢芯弹与7.62 mm×39 mm的普通弹（钢芯）斜侵彻UHMWPE薄板的跳弹角均位于45°~50°范围内；7.62 mm×25 mm的铅芯弹在入射角大于70°时才可完整跳出，其余均以破损弹片形式飞溅，弹体破坏会对跳弹状况产生影响；入射角较小时，斜侵彻子弹会产生面积较大且具有一定深度的弹坑，连续击发的下一枚子弹会更容易击穿弹坑薄弱处的纤维板，斜侵彻作用对薄板受二次侵彻产生不利影响；入射角较大时，子弹会较完整地发生跳弹并具有高剩余速度，会对人员产生二次杀伤。研究成果可为UHMWPE薄板用于轻量化军用防弹插板设计提供参考。Abstract: In order to solve the problem of high-performance lightweight bulletproof inserts being protected by the penetration of light weapon killing element, this paper carried out penetration experiments on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) laminated sheet, analysed the deformation and failure characteristics of the UHMWPE sheet after penetration and compared the damage morphology of light weapon killing element. A numerical model of UHMWPE laminate against the penetration of light weapon killers was established by using the finite element software LS-DYNA, and the validity of the numerical model was verified by the experimental results of the damage morphology of the target plate, the depth of the depression and the deformation of the warhead. On this basis, the failure mode of UHMWPE thin plate subjected to oblique penetration by the projectile is investigated by numerical methods, and the influence of the incidence angle on the ricochet phenomenon and the damage morphology of UHMWPE thin plate under the penetration of three kinds of light weapon killing elements is revealed. The results show that the ricochet angles of 7.62 mm×25 mm steel-core bullets and 7.62 mm×39 mm ordinary bullets (steel-core) obliquely penetrating UHMWPE plates are located in the range of 45°–50°; 7.62 mm×25 mm lead-core bullets can be completely ricocheted out when the angle of incidence is greater than 70°, and the rest of the bullets are in the form of broken shrapnel splinters, and the destruction of the bullet body has an effect on the ricochet condition; the oblique penetration bullets produce a large area and a large number of damage patterns at a smaller angle of incidence; the oblique penetration bullets produce a larger area and a larger number of damage patterns in the UHMWPE plates. When the angle of incidence is small, the oblique penetration bullet will produce a larger area and a certain depth of the crater, the next bullet will be easier to penetrate the crater weakness of the fibre plate, the oblique penetration effect on the thin plate by the secondary penetration of the negative impact, the angle of incidence is larger, the bullet will be more complete ricochet and has a high residual velocity, which will produce a secondary killing of personnel. The research results can be used for UHMWPE thin plate for lightweight military bulletproof insert design to provide reference.
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Key words:
- UHMWPE thin panels /
- small arms personnel /
- oblique penetration /
- failure mode /
- ricochet angle
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图 2 各靶板迎弹面着弹与背弹面凹陷情况
Figure 2. Impact and depression of each target plate on the face of the target and on the back of the target
图 4 UHMWPE靶板受子弹侵彻后剖面
Figure 4. Cross section of UHMWPE target plate after bullet penetration
图 5 51-B式7.62 mm×25 mm钢芯弹侵彻后的破坏形态
Figure 5. Damage patterns of type 51-B 7.62 mm×25 mm steel core projectile after penetration
图 6 51式7.62 mm×25 mm铅芯弹侵彻后的破坏形态
Figure 6. Damage patterns of type 51 7.62 mm×25 mm lead core projectile after penetration
图 7 7.62 mm×39 mm普通弹（钢芯）侵彻后的破坏形态
Figure 7. Destruction patterns after penetration of 7.62 mm×39 mm ordinary ammunition (steel core)
图 8 3组UHMWPE薄板侵彻后背弹面的鼓包变形
Figure 8. Three sets of UHMWPE thin panels invading the back bomb dumper to deform
图 9 UHMWPE靶板数值模拟正交铺层单元与整体模型
Figure 9. UHMWPE target plate numerical simulation orthogonal layup unit and global model
图 10 霍普金森杆实验与对应模拟模型标定的内聚力单元参数
Figure 10. Hopkinson rod experiments and corresponding simulations to calibrate cohesion unit parameters
图 11 7.62 mm×25 mm钢、铅芯弹与7.62 mm×39 mm普通弹模型与实弹对比
Figure 11. Comparison of 7.62 mm×25 mm steel and lead-core bullets and 7.62 mm×39 mm ordinary bullets in model and live rounds
图 12 靶板着弹处数值模拟与实验剖面破坏形态的对比
Figure 12. Comparison between simulation and experimental section destruction of the target board destruction of the form
图 13 实验（左）与数值模拟（右）侵彻后的弹头变形破坏情况对比
Figure 13. Comparison of experimental (left) and numerical simulation (right) of warhead deformation damage after penetration
图 14 不同入射角下3种仿真子弹的破坏形貌
Figure 14. Damage morphology of three simulated bullets at different angles of incidence
图 15 4种典型入射角下 GA141 2 级靶板的破坏形貌
Figure 15. Damage morphology of GA141 grade 2 target plate at four incidence angles
图 16 4种典型入射角下 GA141 4 级靶板的破坏形貌
Figure 16. Damage morphology of GA141 grade 4 target plate at four angles of incidence
图 17 4种典型入射角下 GA141 5 级靶板的破坏形貌
Figure 17. Damage morphology of GA141 grade 5 target plate at four angles of incidence
图 18 入射角为45°时7.62 mm×39 mm普通弹水平与法向速度分量衰减
Figure 18. Decay of the horizontal and normal velocity components of a 7.62 mm×39 mm rifle bullet at an angle of incidence of 45°
图 19 入射角为50°时7.62 mm×39 mm普通弹跳出靶板过程
Figure 19. Process of a 7.62 mm×39 mm ordinary bullet bouncing off the target plate at an angle of incidence of 50°
表 1 侵彻实验工况
Table 1. Invasion of experimental conditions
工况 靶板尺寸/mm 靶板面密度/(kg·m−2) 子弹规格 子弹初速/(m·s−1) 1 299×249×6.21 6.12 51式7.62 mm×25 mm手枪铅芯弹 445±10 2 303×250×10.31 10.26 51-B式7.62 mm×25 mm冲锋枪钢芯弹 515±10 3 303×250×19.45 19.18 56式7.62 mm×39 mm步枪普通弹 725±10 
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表 2 靶板凹陷深度
Table 2. Depression depth of target plate
射序 靶板凹陷深度/mm 工况1 工况2 工况3 1 16 14 16 2 20 9 9 3 16 10 20 4 17 11 4 5 18 12 18 6 20 14 18
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Ea/GPa Eb/GPa Ec/GPa νba νca νcb Gab/MPa Gbc/MPa Gca/MPa 30.7 30.7 1.97 0.008 0.044 0.044 670 1 970 670 η XT/GPa YT/GPa YC/GPa SN/MPa SYZ/MPa SZX/MPa α 0 3 3 2.5 950 950 950 0.5
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表 4 内聚力单元参数
Table 4. Parameters of cohesion unit
密度/(g·cm−3) 法向刚度/(N·mm−3) 面内刚度/(N·mm−3) $G_{ {\text{Ⅰ}} {\text{C}}} $/(J·mm−2) $G_{ {\text{Ⅱ}} {\text{C}}} $/(J·mm−2) T S 2.0 1.0×106 1.0×106 0.28 0.495 62 110
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表 5 侵彻弹丸各部分材料的Johnson-Cook本构参数
Table 5. Johnson-Cook intrinsic parameters of the material of the penetrating projectile parts
弹头构成 密度/(g·cm−3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 A/MPa B/MPa n c 镀铜钢护套 7.85 210 0.31 448.20 303.4 0.15 0.003 33 钢弹芯 7.85 210 0.31 234.34 413.8 0.25 0.110 00 铅弹芯/铅壳 10.10 13.8 0.42 10.30 41.3 0.21 0.003 33 弹头构成 m d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 镀铜钢护套 1.03 2.250 0.000 5 −3.6 −0.012 3 0 钢弹芯 1.03 5.625 0.3 −7.2 −0.012 3 0 铅弹芯/铅壳 1.03 2.500 0 0 0 0
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表 6 网格尺寸敏感性验算
Table 6. Mesh size sensitivity calculation
网格尺寸/mm 实验结果/mm 模拟结果/mm 1.0 18.00 10.32 0.5 18.00 16.31 0.4 18.00 17.03 0.3 18.00 17.17 0.2 18.00 17.21
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表 7 UHMWPE靶弹着点凹深数值模拟结果与实验结果的对比
Table 7. Comparison between simulation and experimental results of concave depth at impact point of UHMWPE target
靶板类型 实验平均凹陷深度/mm 模拟平均凹陷深度/mm 误差/% GA141 2级靶板 17.83 16.61 6.8 GA141 4级靶板 11.67 11.33 2.9 GA141 5级靶板 18.00 17.17 4.6
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