Modes and influencing factors of electromagnetically driven high velocity formed projectile
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摘要: 为了研究电磁驱动药型罩形成高速成型弹丸的可行性及弹丸成型特性，基于CQ-7脉冲功率装置，开展了电磁驱动线性药型罩形成弹丸技术实验。结合激光多普勒测速技术，实现了电磁驱动药型罩形成弹丸的速度测量和侵彻铝靶验证。同时，基于流体动力学软件和相应电磁仿真模块，建立了电磁驱动弹丸成型的物理模型和数值模拟方法，模拟了弹丸成型和侵彻铝靶的动力学过程，利用实验结果验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性。在此基础上，研究了等壁厚球缺型药型罩的结构参数以及加载能量对弹丸成型参数的影响规律。结果表明：外曲率半径对弹丸的头部速度影响较小，而头部速度会随壁厚的减小和加载能量的增大显著增加；弹丸的长径比随外曲率半径和壁厚的减小、加载能量的增大呈逐渐增加的趋势。最后，利用数值模拟方法预测并验证了利用电磁驱动技术获得高速度和大质量成型弹丸的可行性。Abstract: To investigate the feasibility and characteristics of high-velocity formed projectile formation driven by electromagnetic loading, exploratory experiments of projectile formation by electromagnetically driven the linear liner were conducted using the pulsed power generator CQ-7. Photon Doppler velocimeter (PDV) was employed to measure the velocity of the electromagnetic-driven projectiles and validate their penetration into aluminum targets. A physical model and numerical simulation method for electromagnetic-driven projectile formation were established using fluid dynamics software and corresponding electromagnetic simulation modules. The changes in current density and magnetic pressure during the electromagnetic loading stage were studied and the dynamic processes of projectile formation and penetration into aluminum targets were simulated. The numerical simulation method was verified through the comparison between numerical results and experimental data. Based on this, the influences of liner configuration and loading energy on the projectile formation parameters of equal wall thickness hemispherical liner were explored. The results indicate that the outer curvature radius has a minor impact on the head velocity of the projectile, while the head velocity significantly increases with decreasing wall thickness and increasing loading energy. The aspect ratio of the projectile gradually increases with decreasing outer curvature radius and wall thickness, as well as increasing loading energy. The conversion between quasi-spherical and long rod-shaped projectile modes can be achieved by changing the structural parameters, and for the same structural parameter, the conversion between two modes can be achieved by controlling the loading energy. Finally, the feasibility of obtaining high-velocity and high-mass-formed projectiles using electromagnetic-driven technology was predicted using numerical simulation methods, and it can be figured out from the results that a projectile with a higher velocity and larger mass can be formed by increasing the loading energy and the sizes of the shaped liner, effectively breaking through the velocity limit of a traditional penetrator driven by explosive detonation.
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图 1 电磁驱动线性/球缺型药型罩原理图
Figure 1. Illustration for driving linear/ hemispherical liner by electromagnetic loading
图 4 弹丸侵彻铝靶实验结果
Figure 4. Experimental results for penetration of aluminum targets by projectiles
图 5 电磁加载过程数值模拟模型
Figure 5. Numerical simulation models for electromagnetic loading process
图 6 弹丸成型及侵彻过程仿真模型
Figure 6. Numerical simulation models for projectile formation and penetration process
图 12 侵彻过程(以弹丸到靶时间作为起始时刻)
Figure 12. Penetration processes (Starting when the projectile arrivals at the target)
图 13 侵彻实验与数值模拟结果对比
Figure 13. Comparison between penetration experiments and numerical simulations results
图 15 各单元电流密度曲线对比
Figure 15. Comparison of current density curves for selected elements
图 17 等壁厚球缺型药型罩的侵彻体形成过程
Figure 17. Formation processes of penetrators of hemispherical flyer with equal wall thickness
图 18 不同外曲率半径下弹丸成型图（30 μs）
Figure 18. Formation shapes of projectiles with different external curvature radii (30 μs)
图 19 不同外曲率半径下弹丸参数变化
Figure 19. Change of projectile parameters with different external curvature radius
图 20 不同壁厚下弹丸成型图（30 μs）
Figure 20. Formation shape of projectile with different thicknesses (30 μs)
图 21 不同壁厚下弹丸参数变化曲线
Figure 21. Changing curves of projectile parameters with different thicknesses
图 22 不同加载能量下弹丸成型图（30 μs）
Figure 22. Formation shape of projectile with different loading energy (30 μs)
图 23 不同加载能量下弹丸参数变化曲线
Figure 23. Changing curves of projectile parameters with different loading energy
表 1 CQ-7的电参数
Table 1. Electrical parameters of CQ-7
电容/μF 电感/nH 电阻/mΩ 充电峰值电压 上升时间 20.48 4.12 3.35 ±65 kV 400～700 ns 
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表 2 实验条件
Table 2. Experimental conditions
实验 实验类型 充电电压/kV Shot-1 PDV测速 ±45 Shot-2 侵彻铝靶 ±45 Shot-3 PDV测速 ±55 Shot-4 侵彻铝靶 ±55
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表 3 无氧铜的Burgess电导率模型参数
Table 3. Parameters of Burgess electrical resistivity model for Cu-OFHC
V0/(cm3·g−1) γ0 θm,0/eV LF/(kJ·mol−1) K 0.112 2.00 0.117 0.13 0.964
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表 4 实验与数值模拟侵彻数据对比
Table 4. Comparison of the penetration data between experiments and numerical simulations
编号 方法 侵彻深度/mm 相对误差/% 开孔尺寸/mm 相对误差/% Shot-2 实验 26.5 7.1 14.2×16.3 4.2 计算 28.4 14.8 Shot-4 实验 32.3 2.8 17.1×16.7 −3.0 计算 33.2 16.6
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