The characteristics of shock wave loads from air blast near the water surface
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摘要: 靠近水面的空中爆炸是舰船的重要威胁之一。为了研究水面传播冲击波的载荷特性，采用TNT/RDX(40/60)炸药开展了触水、近水和空中3种典型比高条件下的爆炸实验，测量得到了冲击波超压和爆炸的高速摄影图像。采用数值模拟方法进一步研究了爆炸现象和水面冲击波的载荷规律。结果表明：触水、近水和空中爆炸现象存在显著差异。触水爆炸时，爆轰产物直接驱动水面形成半球形空腔，水坑边缘的水被挤压向上飞溅形成空心水柱；近水爆炸时，爆轰产物对水面的碰撞作用相对较弱，水面上的冲击波主要以马赫波沿着水面向外传播；空中爆炸时，冲击波在水面存在明显的规则和非规则反射区。在同等当量条件下，触水爆炸时的水面冲击波超压较近水爆炸的低，但水中冲击波压力更高，因此水面不能再看成刚性平面。通过数据拟合得到了触水和典型近水爆炸条件下，水面上水平距离在0.5～4.0 m/kg1/3范围内的冲击波超压和正压持续时间计算公式，可为冲击波载荷计算和分析提供参考。Abstract: Blasts near the water surface are one of the major threats to ships. Experiments were carried out to study the load characteristics of the shock wave on the water surface with TNT/RDX(40/60) explosives. Three typical scaled burst heights were used: contact burst, near-surface blast, and air blast. In the experiments, overpressures in air and water were obtained, and high-speed photographic was used to record the explosion images. A numerical simulation method based on a five-equation model was used to study further the explosion phenomenon and the loading characteristic of shock waves on the water surface. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results show significant differences among contact bursts, near-surface blasts, and air blasts. In the contact burst, the detonation products drive the water surface directly, creating a hemispherical cavity, and the water at the edge of the cavity is squeezed upwards, forming a hollow water column. In the near-surface blast, the collision of the detonation products with the water surface is relatively weak, and the shock wave on the water surface mainly propagates outwards as Mach waves along the water surface. In the air blast, there are clear regular and irregular reflection zones of the shock wave on the water surface. Under the same yield conditions, the overpressure on the water surface of the contact burst is lower than that of the near-surface blast, but the pressure in the water is more stressful. Therefore, the water surface can no longer be considered a rigid plane. The formulas of overpressure and positive pressure duration of shock wave on the water surface within the range of 0.5～4.0 m/kg1/3 in the contact burst and the near-surface blast were obtained through data fitting, which provides a reference for shock wave loading calculation and analysis.
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Key words:
- air blast /
- near-surface /
- contact surface /
- underwater explosion /
- shock wave
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图 1 近水和触水爆炸初始阶段示意图
Figure 1. Illustration of initial stage of near-surface blast and contact burst
图 4 不同网格尺寸模型得到的冲击波超压对比
Figure 4. Comparison of shock wave overpressures obtained by different mesh size models
图 5 水面上不同位置的冲击波超压曲线
Figure 5. Shock wave overpressure curves at different distances on water surface
图 6 水中不同位置的冲击波超压曲线
Figure 6. Shock wave overpressure curves at different distances underwater
图 11 规则反射区和非规则反射冲击波超压
Figure 11. The regular reflected and irregular reflected shock wave overpressure
图 12 近水爆炸水面的冲击波超压峰值和正压作用时间分布
Figure 12. Distribution of shock wave overpressure and positive pressure duration on water surface of near-surface blast
图 13 触水爆炸水面的冲击波超压峰值和正压作用时间分布
Figure 13. Distribution of shock wave overpressure and positive pressure duration on water surface of contact burst
图 16 近水爆炸和触水爆炸的水下冲击波超压曲线
Figure 16. Underwater shock wave overpressure curves of near-surface blast and contact burst
表 1 实验工况
Table 1. Experimental conditions
工况 场景 当量/kg 爆高/m 比高/(m·kg−1/3) 空中测点高度/m 水中测点深度/m 1 触水爆炸 0.12 0 0 0.05 0.08 2 触水爆炸 0.24 0 0 0.06 0.09 3 触水爆炸 0.48 0 0 0.07 0.11 4 近水爆炸 0.12 0.106 0.215 0.05 0.08 5 近水爆炸 0.24 0.126 0.203 0.06 0.09 6 近水爆炸 0.48 0.147 0.188 0.07 0.11 7 空中爆炸 0.12 0.319 0.647 0.16 0.08 8 空中爆炸 0.24 0.378 0.608 0.19 0.09 9 空中爆炸 0.48 0.472 0.603 0.23 0.11 
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表 2 空中冲击波超压峰值的实验和模拟结果对比
Table 2. Comparison of air blast overpressures between experiment and simulation
工况 超压峰值 0.5 m 测点 1.0 m 测点 1.5 m 测点 2.0 m 测点 实验/kPa 模拟/kPa 误差/% 实验/kPa 模拟/kPa 误差/% 实验/kPa 模拟/kPa 误差/% 实验/kPa 模拟/kPa 误差/% 1 751.8 671.1 −10.7 250.2 169.2 −32.4 114.9 81.9 −28.7 69.8 52.0 −25.5 2 631.1 717.5 13.7 264.3 119.8 74.7 3 1335.0 1215.0 −9.0 384.7 192.0 169.1 −11.9 117.9 99.0 −16.0 4 1697.4 1503.4 −11.4 360.8 293.1 −18.8 144.2 122.7 −14.9 90.7 70.1 −22.7 5 2855.1 2332.6 −18.3 529.9 197.4 108.5 6 2912.2 3480.1 19.5 717.5 950.3 32.4 278.4 327.3 17.6 138.5 170.0 22.7 7 1129.1 722.1 −36.0 376.2 285.7 −24.1 194.9 125.0 −35.9 101.6 72.6 −28.5 8 1868.7 1207.4 −35.4 563.8 546.1 −3.1 203.1 112.5 9 1807.6 1651.9 −8.6 671.1 271.8 322.2 18.5 151.6 170.3 12.3 平均值 18.1 22.1 21.2 21.3
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