Fragment dispersion characteristics of the cross-shape built-in fragmentation directional warhead
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摘要: 针对低附带弹药毁伤需求，设计了一种十字形内置破片定向战斗部，根据目标方位可选择不同起爆模式，进而控制破片的径向飞散特性，在目标区域内形成杀伤破片实现定向毁伤，在非目标区域内实现低附带毁伤。采用数值模拟研究了相邻2点起爆、相邻3点起爆两种模式下定向战斗部起爆时破片的驱动过程，给出了各个位置处破片的飞散速度、径向飞散角度等特征参数；制备了2发单元样弹并开展了地面静爆实验，通过高速摄影及靶板上破片的穿孔分布特征实测出破片的速度及径向飞散角，与数值模拟结果对比，验证了模拟的准确性。在此基础上，通过引入能量分配角建立了破片速度的修正公式，并根据模拟结果对公式参数进行了拟合分析。结果表明：相邻2点起爆、相邻3点起爆模式下，战斗部定向杀伤区破片径向飞散角分别控制在145°、65°以内，且该区域内的破片占破片总数的比例分别达到了50.4%、43%；同时，破片速度呈现梯次分布，介于535~770 m/s之间，对1.5 mm厚的Q235A钢板的穿甲率分别达到了94.4%、84.6%，可实现对轻型车辆类目标的毁伤，其余区域则为低附带安全区；基于能量分配模型求得的破片速度理论计算值与模拟值基本吻合。研究结果可为低附带杀伤战斗部研制提供新的设计思路。Abstract: In order to meet the demand of low collateral damage, a cross-shape built-in fragmentation directional warhead was invented, which can select different detonation modes according to the target orientation and then control the radial dispersion characteristics of the fragmentation, in which the formation of anti-personnel fragmentation in the target area to achieve directional damage, while in the non-target area to achieve low collateral damage. Numerical simulation was used to study the fragmentation driving process during the detonation of the directional warhead in two modes: adjacent two-point detonation and adjacent three-point detonation. The characteristic parameters such as fragment dispersion velocity and radial dispersion angle were given at each position. Then, two principle samples were prepared and ground static explosion tests were conducted. The fragment velocity and radial dispersion angle were measured through high-speed photography and the distribution characteristics of fragment perforation on the target plate. The accuracy of the simulation is verified by comparing with the numerical simulation results, based on which the fragmentation velocity correction formula is established by introducing the energy distribution angle, and the parameters of the formula are fitted and analyzed according to the simulation results. The results show that the radial dispersion angle of fragments in the directed killing zone is controlled within 145° and 65° under adjacent two-point initiation and adjacent three-point initiation modes respectively, and the proportion of fragments in this area reaches 50.4% and 43% of the total number, respectively. The fragment velocity shows a graded distribution between 535 and 770 m/s. The penetration rate of 1.5 mm thick Q235A steel plate reaches 94.4% and 84.6% respectively, which can achieve the destruction of light vehicle type targets, while the rest of the area is a low incidental safety zone. The calculation result of fragment velocity based on the energy distribution model is basically consistent with the simulation data. The research results can provide new design ideas to the development of low collateral damage warhead.
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图 1 十字形内置破片定向战斗部结构示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the cross-shape built-in fragmentation directional warhead
图 2 激光探测装置的8个探测窗口与4个起爆点的相对位置
Figure 2. The relative positions of the eight detection windows of the laser detection device and the four detonation points
图 3 两种起爆模式下破片飞散示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagrams of fragments dispersion under two different initiation modes
图 5 相邻2点起爆下破片径向飞散模拟结果
Figure 5. Simulation results of fragment radial dispersion under adjacent two-point initiation
图 6 相邻3点起爆下破片径向飞散模拟结果
Figure 6. Simulation results of fragment radial dispersion under adjacent three-point initiation
图 7 典型位置处破片速度的模拟结果
Figure 7. Simulation results of fragment velocity at typical locations
图 10 相邻2点起爆下破片撞击钢板的高速摄影典型照片
Figure 10. Typical pictures of fragments penetrating steel plate by high-speed photography under adjacent two-point initiation
图 11 相邻3点起爆下破片撞击钢板的高速摄影典型照片
Figure 11. Typical pictures of fragments penetrating steel plate by high-speed photography under adjacent three-point initiation
图 13 两种起爆方式下破片径向分布的统计结果
Figure 13. Statistical results of fragment radial distribution under two different initiation modes
图 15 破片速度理论计算值与数值模拟值比较
Figure 15. Comparison between the theoretical calculation results and numerical simulation data
表 1 HMX基PBX炸药的材料参数
Table 1. Material parameters of HMX-based PBX explosives
材料 密度/（kg·m−3） 爆压/GPa 爆速/（m·s−1） A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω HMX基PBX炸药 1818 31.86 8336 748.6 13.38 4.5 1.2 0.38 
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表 2 2A12铝合金的材料参数
Table 2. Material parameters of 2A12 aluminum alloy
材料 Johnson-Cook本构模型 Grüneisen状态方程 密度/
（kg·m−3）杨氏模量/
GPa泊松比 屈服应力/
MPa硬化系数/
MPa硬化
指数应变率
系数温度
系数拟合系数S 波速/
（m·s−1）γ 2A12铝合金 2760 68.96 0.33 265 426 0.34 0.15 1.0 1.338 5328 2.0
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表 3 93W合金的材料参数
Table 3. Material parameters of 93 W tungsten alloy
材料 密度/(kg·m−3) 杨氏模量/GPa 剪切模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服应力/GPa 硬化系数 93W合金 17600 357 7.9 0.303 2 1
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表 4 聚氨酯的材料参数
Table 4. Material parameters of polyurethane
材料 密度/(kg·m−3) 剪切模量/GPa 屈服应力/GPa 聚氨酯 1100 2.20 0.05
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表 5 破片速度数值模拟结果与实验值对比
Table 5. Comparison between numerical simulation results and test data on fragment velocity
起爆模式 最大速度 最小速度 模拟值/（m·s−1） 实验值/（m·s−1） 偏差/% 模拟值/（m·s−1） 实验值/（m·s−1） 偏差/% 相邻2点起爆 730.5 750 2.67 560 535 −4.46 相邻3点起爆 700.2 750 7.11 550 577 4.91
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