水下爆破冲击波作用下典型鱼类临界安全波压模型研究

李文杰; 杨宵; 万宇; 杜洪波; 肖毅; 杨胜发

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2022-0017

水下爆破冲击波作用下典型鱼类临界安全波压模型研究

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2022-0017

李文杰^1,,
杨宵²,
万宇¹,
杜洪波^1, ,,
肖毅¹,
杨胜发¹

1.
重庆交通大学国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心，重庆 400074
2.
重庆交通大学水利水运工程教育部重点实验室，重庆 400074

基金项目: 重庆市自然科学基金（cstc2021jcyj-jqX0009, cstc2021jcyj-msxm2522）

详细信息

作者简介:
李文杰（1984－　），男，博士，教授，li_wj1984@163.com

通讯作者:
杜洪波（1994－　），男，博士，讲师，duhongbo@cqjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O383.1
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-13
- 修回日期: 2022-04-15
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-22
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-05

A critical safety wave pressure model of typical fishes under the action of underwater blasting shock waves

LI Wenjie^1
,,
YANG Xiao²,
WAN Yu¹,
DU Hongbo^{1
, ,},
XIAO Yi¹,
YANG Shengfa¹

1.
National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Hydraulic and Waterway Transport Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China

摘要

摘要: 为了探究水下爆破冲击波对鱼类损伤的影响，首先通过理论分析探讨了水下冲击波在鱼体的传播过程和对鱼鳔的损伤机理，构建了典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型，并结合实测数据、参考相关文献，确定了模型参数。结果表明，典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压与鱼体长呈线性关系。其中，水介质和鱼鳔壁介质的波阻抗比、鱼鳔宽度因数、鱼鳔壁厚因数、鱼鳔径向临界拉应力因数和鱼鳔形状因数分别为0.3~2.0、0.04~0.09、0.002、60和0.6~1.1。然后，根据典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型参数，得到最大和最小鱼类临界安全波压模型分别为p_ic,max=30L和p_ic,min=3L（p_ic,max的单位为kPa，L的单位为cm）。最后，通过鱼类损伤情况的实测数据和文献数据，验证了鱼类临界安全波压模型。结果表明，不同体长的鱼类在不同冲击波压力时的受损状况分布，基本与鱼类所能承受的最大和最小的临界安全波压范围符合。并根据鱼类临界安全波压与体长的关系，划分了死亡区、存活有影响区和存活无影响区。
- 水下爆破冲击波 /
- 鱼类损伤 /
- 临界安全波压模型 /
- 鱼类安全防护
Abstract: To investigate the propagation process of the underwater blasting shock wave in a fish body and its effect on typical swim bladder fishes, a critical safety wave pressure model for typical fishes was established and verified through theoretical analysis and field tests. According to the transverse reflection pattern of one-dimensional elastic compression wave between different media, the relationship between the critical safety wave pressure and the body length of typical swim bladder fishes was established. The length and mechanical properties of the swim bladder and fish body were measured using a vernier caliper, a digital micrometer, and a microcomputer tensile tester. Based on the measured data, the positive correlations of the length, width, wall thickness, and radial critical tensile stress of the swim bladder with the fish body length were determined, and the parameters in the fish critical safety wave pressure model were calibrated. The wave impedance ratio of the water medium and swim bladder wall medium was 0.3–2.0. The width, wall thickness, shape, and radial critical tensile stress coefficients of the swimming bladder were 0.04–0.09, 0.002, 0.6–1.1 and 60, respectively. The underwater blasting shock wave pressure and its effect on the fishes were measured using a blast wave tester, and the damage to the fishes was divided into three types: death, survival with influence, and survival without influence. The fish critical safety wave pressure model was verified by the statistical results of fish damage. The results show that the damage states of fishes with different body lengths at different shock pressures are conformed with the maximum and minimum critical safety wave pressure that the fishes can withstand. The proposed fish critical safety wave pressure model can be used to describe the relationship between the critical safety wave pressure and body length of the swim bladder fishes under the action of the underwater blasting shock waves. The research achievement can provide a theoretical basis for ecological protection of the fishes in the waterway regulation project of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
- underwater blasting shock waves /
- fish damage /
- critical safety wave pressure model /
- fish safety protection

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图 1 典型有鳔鱼类的临界安全波压物理模型

Figure 1. A physical model of critical safety wave pressure for a typical swim bladder fish

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图 2 鱼鳔长和鱼体长的关系

Figure 2. Relationships between the swim bladder length and fish body length

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图 3 鱼鳔宽和鱼鳔长的关系

Figure 3. Relationships between the swim bladder width and length

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图 4 鱼鳔壁厚和鱼体长的关系

Figure 4. Relationships between the swim bladder wall thickness and the fish body length

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图 5 鱼鳔径向临界拉应力和鱼体长的关系

Figure 5. Relationships between the critical radial tensile stress of the swim bladder and the length of the fish body

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图 6 测点布置

Figure 6. The measurement point arrangement

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图 7 典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型的验证

Figure 7. Validation of the critical safety wave pressure model for typical swim bladder fishes

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表 1 临界安全波压模型相关参数的实测数据

Table 1. Measured parameters related to the critical safety wave pressure model

鱼种类	鱼体长/cm	鱼鳔长/cm	鱼鳔宽/cm	鱼鳔高/cm	鱼鳔壁厚/cm	鱼鳔径向临界拉应力/kPa	鱼鳔形状因数
鲫鱼	12.6	2.7	1.2	1.0	0.0141	591	0.89
	14.5	2.8	1.3	1.2	0.0189	423	0.95
	16.2	3.4	1.3	1.3	0.0164	457	1.00
	19.4	3.4	1.3	1.1	0.0187	523	0.90
	22.9	3.5	2.0	1.2	0.0191	654	0.70
	24.6	3.6	2.1	1.7	0.0193	628	0.87
	28.6	4.0	2.3	1.5	0.0232	811	0.75
	31.5	4.6	2.4	2.2	0.0256	1021	0.95
	31.7	4.7	2.4	2.3	0.0260	953	0.97
	35.5	5.6	3.2	1.8	0.0287	1625	0.67
鲢鱼	42.6	6.4	3.5	3.7	0.0518	1100	1.04
	46.3	7.7	3.8	3.3	0.0591	1160	0.91
	49.0	8.5	4.2	3.6	0.0660	1240	0.90
	51.5	8.8	3.8	2.4	0.0709	2210	0.73
	51.7	9.3	4.4	4.7	0.0718	2230	1.04
	56.4	10.2	4.2	2.1	0.0756	2440	0.61
	58.0	10.8	4.6	2.6	0.0771	2500	0.67
	59.3	11.2	4.7	3.6	0.0812	2660	0.84
	61.0	11.4	5.8	3.5	0.0832	3450	0.70
	63.1	11.9	5.9	3.2	0.0826	3210	0.65
草鱼	36.6	7.7	1.8	1.7	0.0476	830	0.96
	38.0	8.2	2.0	1.1	0.0501	1960	0.66
	39.3	8.5	1.9	1.6	0.0514	1390	0.89
	39.5	9.9	2.2	2.0	0.0585	1340	0.94
	40.6	10.4	2.6	2.2	0.0614	1440	0.90
	41.0	11.0	2.2	1.7	0.0537	1960	0.84
	41.4	8.4	1.9	2.2	0.0621	1890	1.10
	50.2	12.1	2.3	2.3	0.0776	2430	1.00
	59.1	14.0	3.0	2.6	0.0842	2560	0.91
	60.1	14.4	3.2	2.1	0.0714	2840	0.75

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表 2 有鳔鱼类的损伤

Table 2. Damages for swim bladder fishes

鱼种类	鱼体长/cm	压力/kPa	损伤结果	判定结果
草鱼	30～48	81	鱼类存活，无变化	鱼类存活，无影响
	6～15	514	鱼类存活，但行动迟缓	鱼类存活，有影响
鲢鱼	15～30	150	鱼类存活，但行动迟缓	鱼类存活，有影响
	16～35	2000	60%受到严重损伤当即死亡， 40%受到轻微损伤在爆破结束后一小时内逐渐死亡	鱼类死亡
青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼	6～18	706	青鱼全部死亡，草鱼约75%死亡，鲢鱼和鳙鱼约50%死亡	鱼类死亡
鲫鱼^[11]	15～40	927	鱼类存活，但行动迟缓	鱼类存活，有影响
		1193	33%鱼类死亡	鱼类死亡
		2611	鱼类全部死亡	鱼类死亡

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