Mechanical behavior and subsequent seepage characteristics of rough structural planes in sandstone under constant shear rate
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摘要: 为了探究岩石粗糙结构面的动态剪切力学响应以及损伤结构面的渗流特性：首先，采用动态恒速剪切系统对砂岩粗糙结构面开展不同剪切速率条件下的剪切力学试验，分析了剪切速率以及结构面粗糙度系数对峰值抗剪强度以及滑移特征的影响；随后，利用三维扫描技术获得动态剪切前后粗糙结构面的损伤特征，并开展不同围压条件下的损伤结构面渗流试验，探究动态剪切作用后损伤结构面的嗣后渗流特性。动态剪切试验结果表明，砂岩结构面的动态峰值抗剪强度随着剪切速率的增加而降低，而剪切速率对剪切刚度的影响规律不明显。随着剪切速率由50 mm/s增加至210 mm/s，粗糙度系数为12.43的砂岩结构面峰值抗剪强度由8.49 MPa下降至6.88 MPa。此外，在相同剪切速度条件下，砂岩结构面的动态峰值抗剪强度随着结构面粗糙度的增加而增大。损伤砂岩结构面高程分布频率均随着剪切速度的增加而下降。相同粗糙度条件下，结构面损伤程度随着剪切速率的增加总体呈上升趋势，导致裂隙开度降低，进而影响结构面的渗透性能。渗流试验结果表明，动态剪切作用后的损伤砂岩结构面水力梯度和体积流量关系符合Forchheimer方程。此外，在相同的围压条件下，损伤结构面的渗透系数随着剪切速率的增加而降低，而随着粗糙度系数的增加而升高。Abstract: To investigate the dynamic shear mechanical response and post-damage permeability characteristics of rough structural planes, a dynamic shear system was utilized to conduct shear tests on rough structural planes of sandstone under varying shear rate conditions. The effects of shear rate and roughness coefficient on peak shear strength and slip behaviors were analyzed. After the shear test, the influence of dynamic shear on the damage characteristics of rough structural surfaces was analyzed using three-dimensional scanning technology. Subsequently, seepage tests were conducted on damaged structural surfaces under different confining pressures to further investigate the subsequent seepage characteristics of damaged structural surfaces after dynamic shearing. The results of dynamic shear tests show that the dynamic peak shear strength of sandstone structural planes exhibits a decreasing trend with the shear rate, and shear rate influence on shear stiffness is insignificant. As the shear rate increases from 50 mm/s to 210 mm/s, the peak shear strength of structural planes with joint roughness coefficient of 12.43 declines from 8.49 MPa to 6.88 MPa. In addition, the dynamic peak shear strength of structural planes increases with the roughness under the same shear rate condition. The frequency of height distribution of damaged structural planes decreases with the shear rate. Under the same roughness condition, the damage degree of the structural plane generally increases with the shear rate, resulting in a decline in crack opening and thus affecting the permeability properties of the structural plane. The flow test results indicate that the relationship between the hydraulic gradient and the volumetric flow rate of the damaged structural plane adheres to Forchheimer’s law. In addition, the transmissivity of the damaged structural plane decreases with the shear rate under the same confining pressure condition, while increasing with the joint roughness coefficient.
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图 1 动力扰动诱发关键块高速滑移导通渗流通道
Figure 1. Dynamic disturbance induced high-speed sliding of key blocks to conduct seepage channels
图 4 不同粗糙度系数(R0)的砂岩结构面
Figure 4. Sandstone structural planes with different joint roughness coefficients (R0)
图 6 典型砂岩粗糙结构面剪切应力-位移曲线
Figure 6. Typical shear stress-displacement curves of rough structural planes in sandstone
图 7 剪切速率对粗糙结构面峰值抗剪强度的影响
Figure 7. Influence of shear velocity on the peak shearing strenght of rough structural planes
图 8 剪切速率对粗糙结构面剪切刚度的影响
Figure 8. Influence of shear velocity on the shear stiffness of rough structural planes
图 9 动态剪切条件下不同时刻砂岩结构面应变演化
Figure 9. Strain evolution of sandstone structural planes at different times under dynamic shear conditions
图 10 砂岩结构面法向位移随剪切位移增加的变化趋势
Figure 10. Variation trend of normal displacement of sandstone structural plane with increasing shear displacement
图 11 动态剪切后砂岩典型结构面形貌
Figure 11. Typical morphology of sandstone structural planes after dynamic shearing
图 12 典型砂岩结构面剪切前后的高程变化
Figure 12. Changes of the surface height of typical sandstone structural planes before and after dynamic shearing
图 13 典型砂岩结构面剪切前后的坡向变化
Figure 13. Changes of the surface aspect of typical sandstone structural planes before and after dynamic shearing
图 14 砂岩典型损伤结构面二值化计算结果
Figure 14. Binary calculation results of sandstone typical damage structural planes
图 15 结构面表面退化率与剪切速率的关系
Figure 15. Relationship between surface degradation ratio and shear velocity
图 16 典型损伤结构面水力梯度J随体积流量Q的变化
Figure 16. Relationship between hydraulic gradient J and volumetric flow rate Q in typical damaged structural planes
图 17 系数a和b随剪切速率增加变化趋势
Figure 17. Variation trends of coefficients a and b with increasing shear velocity
图 18 3 MPa围压下剪切速度和粗糙度系数对损伤结构面临界雷诺数的影响
Figure 18. Influence of shearing velocity v and joint roughness coefficient R0 on the critical Reynolds number Rec of damaged structural surfaces under confining pressure of 3 MPa
图 19 不同剪切速率和粗糙度耦合下损伤砂岩结构面渗透系数演化
Figure 19. Transmissivity evolution of damaged sandstone structural planes under different shear rates and roughness coupling
表 1 砂岩物理力学特性
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone
密度/(g·cm−3) 波速/(m·s−1) 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 粘聚力/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 2.439 3472 98.53 10.13 12.22 40.34 
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表 2 动态剪切试验结果
Table 2. Dynamic shear test results
试样 R0 v/(mm·s−1) τ/MPa kτ/MPa sτ/mm Ra 试样 R0 v/(mm·s−1) τ/MPa kτ/MPa sτ/mm Ra A-V1 8.87 50 6.24 2.19 7.87 8.49 C-V1 15.60 50 8.95 4.01 9.90 14.20 A-V2 8.87 90 6.06 2.65 7.75 8.2 C-V2 15.60 90 8.24 3.47 8.84 13.35 A-V3 8.87 130 5.61 2.66 11.88 8.02 C-V3 15.60 130 7.22 4.62 7.96 12.85 A-V4 8.87 170 5.47 2.48 7.81 7.64 C-V4 15.60 170 7.19 3.41 8.01 12.34 A-V5 8.87 210 5.16 2.17 8.82 7.19 C-V5 15.60 210 6.89 3.57 10.90 11.80 B-V1 12.43 50 8.49 2.66 10.13 11.48 D-V1 18.38 50 10.37 3.37 9.23 16.26 B-V2 12.43 90 7.76 2.96 7.87 11.27 D-V2 18.38 90 9.41 4.04 7.85 15.37 B-V3 12.43 130 7.60 3.51 7.79 10.83 D-V3 18.38 130 8.52 3.27 7.67 15.02 B-V4 12.43 170 7.14 3.18 8.02 10.26 D-V4 18.38 170 8.34 4.34 8.74 14.20 B-V5 12.43 210 6.88 3.16 9.79 9.57 D-V5 18.38 210 7.81 3.45 10.96 13.52 注：v为剪切速度，τ为平均抗剪强度，kτ为平均剪切刚度，sτ为最终剪切位移，Ra为剪切后平均结构面粗糙度系数.
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