Study on visual propagation of explosion stress waves in gradient media
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摘要: 层状复合岩体广泛存在于矿山开采、隧道开挖以及边坡治理能工程领域，其内部强度往往呈梯度变化。通过环氧树脂材料模拟层状复合岩体，利用动态光弹性-数字图像相关综合实验系统对爆炸应力波在梯度介质中的传播过程进行可视化和精细化分析，研究爆炸应力波在正向梯度和反向梯度2种情况下的衰减规律和能流密度演化规律，通过对比动态光弹条纹直观分析在不同传播路径下的透反射特征，通过数字图像相关法定量分析爆炸应力波衰减速度的差异。结果表明：爆炸应力波在正向传播路径中条纹级数没有明显变化，在节理面处有明显的反射，在反向传播路径中条纹级数呈衰减的规律，在节理面处动光弹条纹具有很好的连续性，爆炸应力波在反向梯度介质中具有更好的穿透性。梯度介质中节理和材料的改变使水平应力衰减的速度发生改变，在正向梯度介质中水平应力的衰减速度更快。通过引入坡印廷矢量对其能流密度进行比较，发现在相同测点处正向梯度材料中能流密度额衰减速度更快，爆炸应力波在正向梯度材料中的传播过程属于“吸能”过程。Abstract: Layered composite rock masses are widely found in mining, tunnel excavation, and slope stabilization engineering, representing a common geological structure in nature. Due to their formation conditions, the internal strength of layered composite rock masses often exhibits gradient variations. This study simulates layered composite rock masses using epoxy resin materials and employs a dynamic photoelasticity-digital image correlation integrated experimental system to conduct a visualized, detailed analysis of the propagation process of explosive stress waves in gradient media. to investigate the attenuation patterns and energy flux density evolution of explosive stress waves under both forward and reverse gradient conditions. By comparing the dynamic photoelastic stripe patterns, the study visually analyzes the transmission and reflection characteristics under different propagation paths, and uses digital image correlation to quantitatively assess the differences in the attenuation rates of explosive stress waves. The results indicate that the fringe order of the explosive stress wave remains unchanged in the forward propagation path, with significant reflection at the joint surface. In the reverse propagation path, the fringe order exhibits a decaying pattern, and the dynamic photoelastic fringes maintain good continuity at the joint surface. The explosive stress wave demonstrates better penetration in reverse gradient media. Changes in joints and materials within gradient media alter the rate of horizontal stress attenuation, with faster attenuation observed in positive gradient media. By introducing the Poynting vector to compare energy flux density, it was found that energy flux density decays faster in positive gradient materials at the same measurement points, and the propagation of explosive stress waves in positive gradient materials exhibits an “energy-absorbing” process.
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图 1 爆炸动光弹-数字图像相关综合实验系统
Figure 1. Dynamic photoelastic-Digital image correlation experiment system
图 3 正向梯度和反向梯度试件的示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of positive gradient and reverse gradient samples
图 4 正向梯度材料的等差条纹和Mises云图
Figure 4. The equal difference fringe and Mises cloud of the positive gradient material
图 5 正向梯度材料的水平应力时程曲线
Figure 5. Horizontal stress time history curve of positive gradient material
图 7 反向梯度材料的等差条纹和Mises云图
Figure 7. Isochromatic fringes and Mises cloud of reverse gradient material
图 8 反向梯度材料的水平应力时程曲线
Figure 8. Horizontal stress time history curve of reverse gradient material
图 10 纵波经过细棒产生的形变
Figure 10. The deformation of longitudinal wave produced by the thin rod
图 11 正向梯度材料能流密度时程图
Figure 11. Energy flux density time history diagram of positive gradient material
图 12 反向梯度材料能流密度时程图
Figure 12. Energy flux density time history diagram of reverse gradient material
表 1 环氧树脂材料的基本力学参数
Table 1. Basic mechanical parameters of epoxy resin materials
试件 增塑剂含量/% 弹性模量/MPa 纵波波速/(m·s−1) 横波波速/(m·s−1) 密度（kg·m−3） 泊松比 E1 0 4312 2482 1502 1250 0.365 E2 5 3884 2264 1389 1167 0.353 E3 10 3462 2131 1332 1132 0.333 E4 15 2773 1998 1259 1056 0.322 
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表 2 能流密度衰减比例
Table 2. The proportion of energy flow density attenuation
测点 能流密度/(J·m−3) 正向梯度材料 反向梯度材料 完整 梯度 比例 完整 梯度 比例 1/1’ 10363 9797 1.057773 6470 6384 1.013471 2/2’ 6916 5862 1.179802 5634 4876 1.155455 3/3’ 5021 3563 1.409206 4589 3984 1.151857 4/4’ 3760 1838 2.045702 3543 2445 1.44908
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