Evaluation method of human traumatic brain injury in environments of strong shockwave
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摘要: 为了评估爆炸冲击作用下人员颅脑损伤情况，亟待建立一套科学、合理的综合评价方法。利用具有中国人体尺寸特征的高仿真物理假人模型及传感系统开展3种不同冲击波强度的激波管实验，系统获得了高仿真物理假人模型头部表面超压、头部质心加速度和角速度以及颈部力和扭矩随时间的变化过程。依据爆炸冲击人体颅脑短时和长时致伤效应，基于3 ms准则、头部损伤准则（head injury criterion, HIC）、颅脑损伤标准（brain injury criteria, BrIC）和颈部损伤指标进行损伤判定并对人体损伤程度进行了综合研判。结果显示，在3种不同强冲击环境下，冲击波超压作用时间小于5 ms，加速度和颈部力持续5~6 ms，角速度和颈部扭矩持续50~244 ms；高仿真物理假人模型头部质心合成加速度峰值分别为(54.60±3.69)g、(102.00±1.72)g和(161.50±6.36)g，计算得到的HIC15显示未达到头部损伤阈值；根据头部表面压力载荷和BrIC综合判定，颅脑损伤概率显著增加，应采取有效防护措施降低损伤风险。Abstract: Due to the rapid development of military technology, there are more deployments of new arms, high-tech weapons and large-caliber shells in regional and local warfare, contributing to a sharp surge in the incidences of craniocerebral trauma among military personnel due to blast shockwaves. Thus, blast-induced traumatic brain injury at present is considered as one of the most prominent forms of injury on the battlefield. In order to assess the craniocerebral injury of personnel under the effect of the blast shock wave, it is urgent to establish a set of scientific, rational and comprehensive evaluation methods. Using a realistic physical manikin model with Chinese human body size characteristics and a sensing system to carry out three kinds of shock wave intensity shock tube experiments, this study systematically obtained the change process of head surface overpressure, head centroid acceleration and angular velocity as well as neck force and torque of the realistic physical manikin model with time. Based on the short-term and long-term injury effects of the explosion on the human cranium and brain, based on the 3 ms criterion, head injury criterion (HIC), brain injury criteria (BrIC) and neck injury indicators to determine the damage and the degree of damage to the human body to carry out a comprehensive research and judgment. The results showed that under three different strong shockwave environments, the shock wave overpressure duration was less than 5 ms, acceleration and neck force lasted 5~6 ms, and angular velocity and neck torque lasted 50~244 ms; the peak centroid resultant acceleration in the head of the realistic physical manikin model was (54.60±3.69)g, (102.00±1.72)g and (161.50±6.36)g, and the calculated HIC15 showed that the head injury threshold was not reached; according to the combined determination of head surface pressure load and BrIC, the probability of craniocerebral injury increased significantly, and protective measures should be taken to reduce the risk of injury.
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图 1 高仿真物理假人模型及传感器安装位置
Figure 1. Realistic physical manikin model and sensor installation position
图 2 两种不同实验情况的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 2. Time history curves of shock wave overpressure for two different experiments
图 3 重复激波管实验得到的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 3. Time history curves of shock wave overpressure obtained in repeated shock wave tube experiments
图 5 不同强冲击环境下测试段出口处的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 5. Time history curves of shock wave overpressure at the exit of the test section in different strong shockwave environments
图 7 不同强冲击环境下不同测点的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 7. Time history curves of shock wave overpressure at different measurement points in different strong shockwave environments
图 8 不同强冲击环境下眼部和耳部测点的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 8. Time history curves of shock wave overpressure at eye and ear points in different strong shockwave environments
图 9 不同强冲击环境下不同方向模型头部质心加速度-时程曲线
Figure 9. Time history curves of centroid accelerations of the model head in different directions in different strong shockwave environments
图 10 不同强冲击环境下模型头部加速度-时程曲线
Figure 10. Time history curves of centroid accelerations of the model head in different strong shockwave environments
图 11 不同强冲击环境下模型头部质心角速度-时程曲线
Figure 11. Time history curves of centroid angular velocity of the model head in different strong shockwave environments
图 12 不同强冲击环境下颈部力-时程曲线
Figure 12. Time history curves of force of the model neck in different strong shockwave environments
图 13 不同强冲击环境下颈部扭矩-时程曲线
Figure 13. Time history curves of torque of the model neck in different strong shockwave environments
表 1 不同强冲击环境下不同部位的峰值超压
Table 1. Peak overpressures at different sites in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 峰值超压/kPa 前部 前额 头顶 枕部 眼部 耳朵 77 179.6±13.8 171.6±12.3 83.0±4.3 61.1±4.2 230.7±18.1 199.5±15.5 130 334.9±3.2 318.3±1.9 137.6±0.6 119.8±2.1 433.2±2.4 367.2±8.4 203 568.7±10.3 541.6±11.4 205.6±13.4 203.1±2.5 762.4±19.2 601.8±4.7 
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表 2 不同强冲击环境下不同部位的反射系数
Table 2. Reflection coefficients at different sites in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 反射系数 前部 前额 头顶 枕部 眼部 耳朵 77 2.30±0.06 2.20±0.05 1.10±0.01 0.80±0.02 3.00±0.08 2.60±0.08 130 2.60±0.04 2.40±0.03 1.00±0.01 0.90±0.02 3.30±0.04 2.80±0.08 203 2.80±0.01 2.70±0.02 1.00±0.05 1.00±0.01 3.80±0.04 3.00±0.04
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表 3 不同强冲击环境下模型头部的质心加速度最大值
Table 3. The maximum centroid accelerations of the model head in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 头部质心加速度最大值/g x方向 y方向 z方向 合成加速度 77 −54.40±3.77 −3.30±0.25 32.60±1.32 54.60±3.69 130 −99.30±1.03 −8.40±0.18 47.50±0.37 102.00±1.72 203 −153.50±0.42 −230±1.31 69.30±2.68 161.50±6.36
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表 4 不同强冲击环境下模型头部的质心角速度和旋转角度最大值
Table 4. The maximum angular velocity and rotational angle of the model head in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 头部质心角速度最大值/((°)∙s−1) 头部质心旋转角度最大值/(°) x方向 y方向 z方向 x方向 y方向 z方向 77 57.30±12.28 417.40±44.57 53.96±2.48 0.55±0.20 5.10±0.60 0.88±0.08 130 152.86±5.23 1152.81 ±22.09114.43±46.65 2.50±0.10 22.73±0.71 1.58±0.18 203 442.65±18.12 2277.09 ±116.33179.65±8.78 10.24±0.42 55.68±4.56 3.49±0.21
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表 5 不同强冲击环境下颈部的力最大值
Table 5. The maximum forces of the model neck in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 颈部力最大值/N x方向 y方向 z方向 77 340±22 30±5 340±37 130 600±5 50±1 660±14 203 950±2 80±6 970±78
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表 6 不同强冲击环境下颈部的扭矩最大值
Table 6. The maximum torque of the model neck in different strong shockwave environments
冲击压力/kPa 颈部最大扭矩/(N·m) x方向 y方向 z方向 77 2.650±0.431 15.250±2.076 0.990±0.161 130 4.230±0.781 32.140±0.703 1.720±0.058 203 9.420±0.491 60.240±2.465 3.220±0.205
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表 7 不同强冲击环境下的损伤参数
Table 7. Injury parameters in different strong shock wave environments
冲击压力/kPa a/g h15 b Fx/N Fz/N My/(N·m) 77 54.60±3.69 6.00±1.06 0.130±0.014 340±22 340±37 15.250±2.076 130 102.00±1.72 44.50±0.98 0.360±0.006 600±5 660±14 32.140±0.703 203 161.50±6.36 221.70±20.87 0.720±0.037 950±2 970±78 60.240±2.465
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