Dynamic response and impact energy release mechanism of (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy
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摘要: 针对高速冲击下传统金属材料能量释放效率低、动态响应不足等瓶颈问题，聚焦于Ti-Zr-Nb-V系难熔高熵合金，利用其多组元协同效应开发出一种单相体心立方晶体结构（body-centered cubic, BCC）高熵合金(Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5，其晶格常数为
3.3501 Å，平均晶粒尺寸为336.7 μm。随后开展了准静态、动态力学测试和直接弹道试验，结果表明，合金具有良好的强塑性协同效应，屈服强度为885.2 MPa，当压缩应变率由0.001 s−1升至6000 s−1时，屈服强度提升123%，并且低温下其对应变率的敏感性显著高于高温。当冲击速度由734 m/s升至1375 m/s时，弹丸的破碎程度加剧，准密闭容器内温度场不断升高至峰值2124.15 K，相应的释能持续时间由5 ms延长至12 ms。利用有限元-光滑粒子流体动力学耦合（finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics, FEM-SPH）算法复现了高熵合金侵彻温升和破碎行为，验证了拟合的Johnson-Cook本构参数及Grüneisen状态方程的可靠性。微观分析揭示了(Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5高熵合金能量释放机制源于绝热剪切带内的位错重组，高速冲击下交滑移的抑制导致位错达到饱和状态，并引发局部晶格失稳进一步导致整体结构失效，而低速冲击下动态再结晶行为能够有效延缓失效进程。Abstract: To overcome the limitations of traditional metallic materials regarding energy-release efficiency under high-velocity impact, this study designed and fabricated a novel single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structured lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5. The investigation employed a combined approach of multi-scale experimentation and numerical simulation. The as-cast microstructure was characterized, revealing a homogeneous composition with an average grain size of 336.7 μm. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate strength, plasticity, and strain-rate sensitivity, providing data to fit the Johnson-Cook constitutive and damage parameters. Direct ballistic experiments were conducted at impact velocities of 734, 950, and1375 m/s to analyze fragmentation behavior, temperature evolution, and energy release within a quasi-confined chamber. A coupled finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) numerical model was developed to simulate the penetration process, successfully replicating experimental temperature rises and fragmentation patterns. The results showed that the alloy possesses an excellent strength-plasticity synergy and remarkable strain-rate sensitivity, with yield strength increasing by 123% to1977.3 MPa at6000 s−1. Ballistic tests demonstrated that increased impact velocity intensified fragmentation and energy release, achieving a peak chamber temperature of2124.15 K and extending the release duration to 12 ms at1375 m/s. Microstructural analysis revealed that the energy release mechanism is governed by dislocation dynamics within adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). At lower impact velocities (e.g., 734 m/s), dynamic recrystallization in ASBs alleviates strain hardening. In contrast, at high velocities (e.g.,1375 m/s), suppressed cross-slip leads to dislocation saturation, local lattice instability, and ultimately severe fragmentation coupled with exothermic oxidation. The study concludes that (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy exhibits outstanding dynamic properties and controllable impact-induced energy release, primarily driven by velocity-dependent microstructural evolution in ASBs, demonstrating significant potential as a new-generation energetic structural material for extreme dynamic loading applications.-
Key words:
- high-entropy alloy /
- mechanical property /
- impact energy release /
- adiabatic shearing
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图 2 铸态(Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5合金试样的初始物相
Figure 2. The Initial phases of the as-cast (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 alloy specimen
图 10 Johnson-Cook本构模型参数及损伤参数
Figure 10. Fitting of Johnson-Cook constitutive model parameters and damage parameters
图 11 高速摄影捕捉到的不同时刻直接弹道试验过程照片
Figure 11. Photos of the direct ballistic test process at different moments captured by high-speed photography
图 12 准密闭容器压力传感器测得数据
Figure 12. Data measured by pressure sensors in a quasi-closed container
图 14 不同侵彻速度下数值模拟结果
Figure 14. Numerical simulation results at different penetration velocities
图 15 侵彻速度为734 m/s的工况下回收的残余弹体微观形貌
Figure 15. Microscopic morphology of the residual projectiles recovered at a penetration velocity of 734 m/s
图 16 侵彻速度为
1375 m/s的工况下回收的残余弹体微观形貌Figure 16. Microscopic morphology of the residual projectile recovered at a penetration velocity of
1375 m/s
图 17 高速侵彻下合金内部演化机制
Figure 17. Evolution mechanism of the internal structure of alloys under high-velocity penetration
ρ/(g·cm−3) E/GPa A/MPa B/MPa n C m Tm/K 7.85 210 800 320 0.28 0.064 1.06 1765 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 S γ c/(m·s−1) 0.1 0.76 1.57 0.005 −0.84 1.49 2.17 4569 
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表 2 (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5高熵合金Johnson-Cook本构模型参数
Table 2. Johnson-Cook constitutive model parameters for (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy
A/MPa B/MPa n C m 885.2 276.4 0.695 0.894 0.63
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表 3 (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5高熵合金失效参数
Table 3. Failure parameters for (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 0.016 0.484 −3.409 0 0
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表 4 (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5高熵合金各元素相关参数[39]
Table 4. Element-specific parameters for (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy[39]
元素 质量分数/% cn/(km·s−1) S γ Ti 42.86 5.220 0.767 1.09 Zr 21.43 3.757 1.018 1.09 Nb 14.29 4.439 1.207 1.47 V 14.29 5.077 1.201 1.29 Al 7.14 5.240 1.49 1.97
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表 5 (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5高熵合金Grünsien参数
Table 5. Grünsien parameters for (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy
cn/(km·s−1) S γ 4.097 0.972 1.22
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