杆状弹丸头形对其超高速撞击薄板的影响分析

文肯; 柯发伟; 邹胜宇; 李毅

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2025-0248

杆状弹丸头形对其超高速撞击薄板的影响分析

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0248

文肯^{1, 2,},
柯发伟^{1, 2},
邹胜宇^{1, 2},
李毅^{1, 2}

1.
中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所，四川绵阳 621000
2.
飞行器流体物理全国重点实验室，四川绵阳 621000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12202481）

详细信息

作者简介:
文　肯（1994－　），男，博士，工程师，wenkensc@163.com

中图分类号: O383
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- 文章访问数: 376
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-08-04
- 修回日期: 2025-10-11
- 网络出版日期: 2025-10-16

Head-shape effects on the hypervelocity impact between a rod onto a thin plate

WEN Ken^{1, 2
,},
KE Fawei^{1, 2},
ZOU Shengyu^{1, 2},
LI Yi^{1, 2}

1.
Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China
2.
National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Physics in Fluids, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 为研究杆状弹丸头形对其超高速撞击薄板的影响，采用SPH（smoothed particle hydrodynamics）方法，开展了平头、半球头、锥头等典型头形杆状弹丸超高速撞击薄板的数值仿真。结果表明，大钝角锥头及平头与薄板撞击产生的冲击波最强、弹体破碎最为剧烈、弹体质量和轴向动能损失最大，小钝角锥头、尖锥头及半球头次之。对弹头与薄板撞击产生冲击波的过程进行了建模分析，结果表明，存在弹头临界半锥角（与撞击速度、弹靶材料相关），使弹体破碎最为剧烈。研究结果可为非球形空间碎片防护设计等超高速碰撞问题提供参考。
- 杆状弹丸 /
- 弹头形状 /
- 超高速碰撞 /
- 薄板 /
- 冲击波
Abstract: When a projectile impacts a thin plate at hypervelocity, the projectile material usually undergoes deformation, fragmentation, and even phase transition under the action of a complex wave system, forming a secondary debris cloud. It has been shown that the head shape of the rod affects the hypervelocity impact between the rod and a thin plate. A series of SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) numerical simulations of the hypervelocity impact by rods with flat head, hemispherical head, and cone head at impact velocities of 3.30 km/s and 6.0 km/s and length-to-diameter ratios of 2/1 and 3/1 were carried out. Simulation results show that the intensity of the shock wave and the failure in the material are affected by the head shape of the rod. With the impact across the plate, the mass loss and kinetic energy loss of the rod are related to the head shape. Obtuse cone head and flat head impact produce the strongest shock wave, most intense projectile fragmentation, and largest loss of rod mass and kinetic energy. A model of the interaction between the rod and the plate, as well as the shock wave generation during the impact, was built. The model shows that there exists a critical half-cone angle (related to the impact velocity and the target material), which leads to continuous interaction between rod and plate and makes the fragmentation of the rod projectile the most violent. For the hypervelocity impact of projectiles with different shapes, in a previous work, the impact-induced shock wave in a cone is more severe than that of a sphere or a rod, while another work has an inconsistent result. The model was successfully used to explain the contradictory results. This paper can provide some references for the research of hypervelocity impact and the protection design of space debris.
- rod-shaped projectile /
- warhead shape /
- hypervelocity impact /
- thin plate /
- shock wave

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图 1 超高速撞击碎片云的试验和仿真结果对比

Figure 1. Comparison of test and simulation results for hypervelocity impact debris cloud

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图 2 不同头形杆状弹丸示意图

Figure 2. Schematic of rod projectiles with different heads

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图 3 杆状弹丸超高速撞击薄板的典型碰撞过程示意

Figure 3. Schematic of typical collision process for hypervelocity impact

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图 4 撞击速度为3.3 km/s、弹丸长径比为2∶1时的冲击波传播和材料失效（碎片云）仿真结果

Figure 4. Simulation results of shock wave propagation, material failure (debris clouds) within projectiles of different heads when v₀ = 3.3 km/s, L∶D = 2∶1

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图 5 弹丸的轴向动能损失统计

Figure 5. Statistical result of projectile mass loss

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图 6 弹丸的质量损失统计

Figure 6. Statistical result of projectile axial kinetic energy loss

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图 7 锥形弹丸超高速撞击薄板的波系分析示意图

Figure 7. Schematic coordinate system for wave sysem analysis of hypervelocity impact of obtuse head on thin plate

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表 1 2A12铝和 Al-6061铝的材料参数

Table 1. Material parameters for 2A12 Al and Al-6061 Al

材料	密度/(g·cm⁻³)	参考温度/K	比热/(J·kg⁻¹∙K⁻¹)	Grüneisen 系数	C₁ /(m·s⁻¹)	S₁	S₂	剪切模量/GPa
2A12铝	2.784	300	850	2	5370	1.29	0	28.6
Al-6061铝	2.703	300	885	1.97	5240	1.4	0	27.6

材料	初始屈服强度/MPa	最大屈服应力/MPa	硬化系数	硬化指数	dG/dP	(dG/dT) /(MPa·K⁻¹)	dY/dP	熔化温度/K
2A12铝	325	760	310	0.185	1.865	−17.62	0.017	1220
Al-6061铝	290	680	125	0.1	1.8	−17.00	0.01891	1220

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表 2 超高速撞击地面试验参数

Table 2. the set-up of the hypervelocity impact tests

编号	弹丸材料	弹丸形状	弹丸尺寸	弹丸质量/g	撞击速度/(km·s⁻¹)	弹丸攻角/(°)	薄板材料	薄板厚度/mm
T01	2A12铝	球	D=8.00 mm	0.7478	3.29	—	Al-6061铝	1.00
T02	2A12铝	圆柱 (L/D=3/2)	D=6.11 mm， L=9.16 mm	0.7490	3.27	−3.5°	Al-6061铝	1.00
T03	2A12铝	圆柱 (L/D=1/4)	D=11.18 mm， L=2.78 mm	0.7332	3.34	−1.5°	Al-6061铝	1.00

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表 3 不同长径比柱形弹丸超高速撞击数值仿真工况设置

Table 3. Numerical simulation case settings for rod projectiles with different aspect ratios

编号	弹丸尺寸	弹头形状	半锥角/(°)	速度/(km·s⁻¹)	编号	弹丸尺寸	弹头形状	半锥角/(°)	速度/(km·s⁻¹)
S111	D=5.55 mm， L=11.09 mm	平头	−	3.30	S211	D=4.85 mm， L=14.54 mm	平头	−	3.30
S112		半球	−	3.30	S212		半球	−	3.30
S113		钝锥1	70.22	3.30	S213		钝锥1	67.55	3.30
S114		钝锥2	54.27	3.30	S214		钝锥2	50.43	3.30
S115		尖锥1	42.82	3.30	S215		尖锥1	38.89	3.30
S116		尖锥2	29.07	3.30	S216		尖锥2	25.83	3.30
S121		平头	−	6.00	S221		平头	−	6.00
S122		半球	−	6.00	S222		半球	−	6.00
S123		钝锥1	70.22	6.00	S223		钝锥1	67.55	6.00
S124		钝锥2	54.27	6.00	S224		钝锥2	50.43	6.00
S125		尖锥1	42.82	6.00	S225		尖锥1	38.89	6.00
S126		尖锥2	29.07	6.00	S226		尖锥2	25.83	6.00

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表 4 不同头形杆状弹丸撞击薄板的质量损失和轴向动能损失

Table 4. Mass loss and axial kinetic energy loss for rods with different heads impacting onto thin plate

编号	m/g	E/kJ	m_loss	E_loss	编号	m/g	E/kJ	m_loss	E_loss
S111	0.677	3.25	9.56%	20.26%	S211	0.674	3.39	9.46%	16.37%
S112	0.696	3.37	−1.75%	9.52%	S212	0.710	3.53	−1.12%	7.67%
S113	0.682	3.23	3.08%	15.70%	S213	0.682	3.39	3.96%	12.32%
S114	0.632	3.04	4.00%	15.20%	S214	0.635	3.21	6.02%	12.75%
S115	0.570	2.80	7.09%	16.18%	S215	0.624	3.19	2.70%	8.65%
S116	0.517	2.57	1.22%	9.82%	S216	0.562	2.92	1.92%	6.41%
S121	0.312	5.30	58.32%	60.66%	S221	0.497	8.70	33.24%	35.08%
S122	0.561	9.21	18.14%	25.34%	S222	0.658	1.11	6.29%	12.18%
S123	0.280	4.79	60.21%	62.18%	S223	0.435	7.61	38.74%	40.46%
S124	0.494	8.07	24.97%	31.90%	S224	0.587	9.91	13.12%	18.51%
S125	0.467	7.72	23.88%	30.09%	S225	0.557	9.52	13.15%	17.53%
S126	0.372	6.28	28.92%	33.34%	S226	0.502	8.63	12.39%	16.33%

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