水下爆炸载荷下温度梯度冰层的破损特性数值分析

张雨佳; 侯海量; 陈莹玉; 罗英勤

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2025-0307

水下爆炸载荷下温度梯度冰层的破损特性数值分析

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0307

张雨佳^{1, 2, 3,},
侯海量³,
陈莹玉^{1, 2},
罗英勤^3, ,

1.
哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001
2.
哈尔滨工程大学青岛创新发展基地，山东青岛 266500
3.
海军工程大学舰船与海洋学院，湖北武汉 430033

详细信息

作者简介:
张雨佳（2001—　），男，硕士，zyj18873749199@163.com

通讯作者:
罗英勤（1990—　），女，博士，讲师，HjgChylyq@126.com

中图分类号: P753; O389
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- 文章访问数: 724
- HTML全文浏览量: 114
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-18
- 修回日期: 2026-02-27
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-06

Numerical analysis of damage characteristics of temperature-gradient ice layer under underwater explosion load

ZHANG Yujia^{1, 2, 3
,},
HOU Hailiang³,
CHEN Yingyu^{1, 2},
LUO Yingqin^{3
, ,}

1.
College of Ship Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
2.
Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266500, Shandong, China
3.
College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, Hubei, China

摘要

摘要: 为探究极地低温环境下水下爆炸破冰效果，采用LS-DYNA开展数值分析，考虑极地低温环境中冰层温度梯度的影响，分析了冰层在冲击波与气泡运动载荷下的动响应过程与破坏机理，探讨破冰效果影响因素与作用规律。结果表明：典型工况下，冰层动响应分为应力波作用、初始裂纹萌生、局部弯曲变形、整体回落和射流侵彻五个阶段；装药量的增大可以提升冰层破碎区和裂隙区范围，但单位装药增量对应的破冰效率呈递减趋势；爆距存在最佳值，且由于冲击波与气泡载荷特性的差异，裂隙区的最佳爆距大于破碎区的最佳爆距；冰层厚度对破冰效果的影响呈非线性，厚度增大使破碎区半径逐渐减小，气泡运动主导的裂隙区半径在一定范围下有所增大；破碎区范围受温度梯度影响微弱，但温度梯度对冰层裂隙区范围存在较大影响，裂隙区半径为等效温度冰层的82.3%。
- 爆炸破冰 /
- 冲击波 /
- 气泡 /
- 温度梯度 /
- 破坏模式
Abstract: To investigate the mechanism of underwater explosion-induced ice breaking in polar low-temperature environments and the influence of different factors on ice layer failure modes, numerical analysis was conducted using LS-DYNA finite element software. The influence of differences in atmospheric and seawater temperatures on the temperature distribution of natural sea ice in low-temperature environments was considered. The dynamic response and failure mechanism of the ice layer under shock-wave loads and bubble motion were analyzed. The factors influencing the ice-breaking effect and the failure modes of the ice layer were investigated. The results show that under typical operating conditions, the dynamic response of ice layers can be chronologically divided into five stages: the stress wave action stage, the initial crack initiation stage, the local bending deformation stage, the overall retreat stage, and the jet penetration stage. Increasing the charge mass can enhance the range of ice fragmentation and crack zones, but the ice breaking efficiency per unit charge shows a decreasing trend. There exists an optimal detonation distance, and due to the different load characteristics of shock waves and bubbles, the optimal detonation distance for the fragmentation zone is greater than that for the crack zone. The ice layer thickness has a nonlinear effect on the ice breaking effectiveness. As the thickness increases, the radius of the fragmentation zone gradually decreases, while the radius of the crack zone dominated by bubble motion increases within a certain range. It is found that the range of the fragmentation zone is minimally affected by temperature gradients, but temperature gradients have a significant impact on the range of the ice layer crack zone, with the radius of the crack zone being 82.3% of that in the equivalent uniform-temperature ice layer. Therefore, when studying ice layers with large thickness and significant temperature differences, the influence of non-uniform temperature distribution must be considered.
- explosion breaking ice /
- shock wave /
- bubble /
- temperature gradient /
- destruction mode

HTML全文

图 1 水下爆炸破冰1/4有限元模型

Figure 1. Underwater explosion ice breaking 1/4 finite element model

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图 2 冰材料部分动态材料参数与温度的关系

Figure 2. Relationship between dynamic material parameters and temperature in ice materials

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图 3 试验标记与示意图^[41]

Figure 3. Test marking and schematic diagram^[41]

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图 4 不同k的计算所得破口直径

Figure 4. Calculated hole diameters with different grid sizes

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图 5 不同时刻气泡-冰层相互作用

Figure 5. Bubble ice interaction at different times

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图 6 200 g TNT数值计算结果和爆炸破冰实验结果^[41]

Figure 6. 200 g TNT numerical simulation results and explosion ice breaking experiment results^[41]

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图 7 工况2、t=0.7 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 7. Ice response results at t=0.7 ms under condition 2

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图 8 工况2、t=0.9 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 8. Ice response results at t=0.9 ms under condition 2

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图 9 工况2、t=4 ms冰层背爆面响应结果

Figure 9. Ice response results at t=4 ms under condition 2

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图 10 工况2、t=4 ms冰层迎爆面响应结果

Figure 10. Ice response results at t=4 ms under condition 2

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图 11 工况2、t=20 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 11. Ice response results at t=20 ms under condition 2

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图 12 工况2、t=80 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 12. Ice response results at t=80 ms under condition 2

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图 13 工况2、t=268 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 13. Ice response results at t=268 ms under condition 2

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图 14 工况2、t=300 ms冰层响应结果

Figure 14. Ice response results at t=300 ms under condition 2

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图 15 冰层毁伤范围变化曲线

Figure 15. Change curve of ice damage range

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图 16 冰层毁伤范围变化曲线

Figure 16. Change curve of ice damage range

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图 17 冰层毁伤范围变化曲线

Figure 17. Change curve of ice damage range

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图 18 气泡与不同厚度冰层的相互作用

Figure 18. Interaction between bubbles and ice layers of different thicknesses

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图 19 冰层最终破坏模式示意图

Figure 19. Schematic diagram of failure mode of thick ice layer

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图 20 分层等效强度模型

Figure 20. Hierarchical Equivalent Strength Model

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图 21 冲击波作用下的冰层

Figure 21. Ice layer under the action of shock wave

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图 22 冲击波作用下冰层应力状态

Figure 22. Stress state of ice layer under the action of shock wave

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图 23 气泡与冰层相互作用

Figure 23. Bubbles interacting with ice layer

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图 24 气泡作用下冰层应力状态

Figure 24. Stress state of ice layer under the action of bubbles

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图 25 冰层最终毁伤区域划分和破损

Figure 25. Final damage area division and damage map of ice layer

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表 1 TNT材料和状态方程参数

Table 1. Parameters of TNT material and its equation of state

密度/(kg·m⁻³)	爆速/(m·s⁻¹)	p_CJ/Pa	A/Pa	B/Pa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/(J·m⁻³)	V₀
1630	6930	2.1×10¹⁰	3.712×10¹¹	3.231×10⁹	4.15	0.9	0.3	7.0×10⁹	1
注：p_CJ炸药的CJ爆轰压力，V₀为初始相对体积。

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表 2 水的材料和状态方程参数

Table 2. Parameters of water material and its equation of state

密度/(kg·m⁻³)	p_c/Pa	υ	c	S₁	S₂	S₃	γ₀	α	E₀/(J·m⁻³)	V₀
1025	−10	8.648×10⁻⁴	1480	2.56	−1.986	0.2268	0.4934	0	0	1
注：p_c为截断压力，υ为动力粘度系数。

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表 3 空气的材料和状态方程参数

Table 3. Parameters of air material and its equation of state

ρ₀/(kg·m⁻³)	p_c/Pa	υ	C₀	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅	C₆	E₀/(J·m⁻³)	V₀
1.292	−1	1.746×10⁻⁵	0	0	0	0	0.4	0.4	0	2.5×10⁵	1

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表 4 不同温度下的冰层材料参数

Table 4. Ice layer material parameters at different temperatures

温度/℃	密度/(kg·m⁻³)	泊松比	杨氏模量/GPa	σ_t/MPa	σ_c/MPa
−5	917.55	0.3295	8.5402	3.9779	17.4897
−10	918.30	0.3300	8.6397	4.1936	17.9889
−15	919.05	0.3304	8.7241	4.4346	18.8342
−20	919.80	0.3308	8.7930	4.7040	20.2657

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表 5 1/4模型尺寸表

Table 5. 1/4 Model Size Table

L₀/m	H_air/m	H/m	H_water/m	R₀/m	W/kg	D/m
10	1.8	0.27	2.2	0.032	0.2	0.45

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表 6 冰材料模型参数

Table 6. Ice material model parameters

密度/(kg·m⁻³)	剪切模量/Pa	屈服应力/Pa	塑性硬化模量/Pa	体积模量/Pa	失效压力/Pa	塑性失效应变
900	3.571×10⁹	2.12×10⁶	4.26×10⁹	9.314×10⁹	−212	0.35

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表 7 不同网格尺寸的计算所得破口直径

Table 7. Calculated hole diameters with different grid sizes

k	破口直径/m	误差%	k	破口直径/m	误差%
3.00	1.42	26.80	6.75	1.78	8.25
4.50	1.63	15.98	9.00	1.84	5.15
5.40	1.70	12.37	13.50	1.86	4.12
实验^[41]	1.94

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表 8 水下爆炸破冰工况

Table 8. Conditions of underwater explosion ice breaking condition

工况	H/m	R₀/m	W/kg	D/m	工况	H/m	R₀/m	W/kg	D/m	工况	H/m	R₀/m	W/kg	D/m
1	0.6	0.053	1.0	1.0	6	0.6	0.076	3.0	0.2	11	0.2	0.076	3.0	1.0
2	0.6	0.076	3.0	1.0	7	0.6	0.076	3.0	0.6	12	0.4	0.076	3.0	1.0
3	0.6	0.090	5.0	1.0	8	0.6	0.076	3.0	1.0	13	0.6	0.076	3.0	1.0
4	0.6	0.101	7.0	1.0	9	0.6	0.076	3.0	1.4	14	0.8	0.076	3.0	1.0
5	0.6	0.110	9.0	1.0	10	0.6	0.076	3.0	1.8	15	1.0	0.076	3.0	1.0
注：L₀=15 m, H_air=2 m, H_water=4 m。

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表 9 不同TNT药量下的冰层破坏范围

Table 9. The range of ice layer damage under different TNT dosages

工况	$ W/\text{kg} $	R_c/m	R_f/m
1	1.0	0.35	0.35
2	3.0	1.56	6.85
3	5.0	1.84	7.20
4	7.0	2.20	7.42
5	9.0	3.15	8.97
注：R_c为破碎区半径，R_f为裂隙区半径。

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表 10 不同爆距下的冰层破坏范围

Table 10. The range of ice damage under different blasting distances

工况	D/m	R_c/m	R_f/m
6	0.2	0.65	0.65
7	0.6	1.10	4.02
8	1.0	1.56	6.85
9	1.4	1.40	9.07
10	1.8	0.62	7.14

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表 11 不同厚度下的冰层破坏范围

Table 11. Range of ice layer damage at different thicknesses

工况	H/m	R_c/m	R_f/m
11	0.2	2.10	2.10
12	0.4	2.28	3.95
13	0.6	1.56	6.85
14	0.8	1.08	7.65
15	1.0	0.92	2.55

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表 12 不同因素对冰层破坏模式的影响

Table 12. The influence of different factors on the failure mode of ice layers

工况编号	H/m	W/kg	D/m	主要破坏模式	关键特征	原因分析
1	0.6	1.0	1.0	无明显破坏	冰层完整，无明显破损	TNT当量W过小时，冲击波载荷和气泡载荷峰值较低，难以对冰层产生有效的破坏
2	0.6	3.0	1.0	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	挤压压溃，崩落与层裂，漏斗形破损，冰层局部抬升，冰层整体回落，射流冲刷
3	0.6	5.0	1.0
4	0.6	7.0	1.0
5	0.6	9.0	1.0
6	0.6	3.0	0.2	压缩、冲塞破坏	从迎爆面开始出现大程度的压溃，崩落与层裂现象不明显，没有形成漏斗形破损，未出现冰层抬升和回落现象	爆距过小，作用于冰层的冲击波峰值载荷大，反射拉伸波来不及传播和形成宏观裂隙，气泡能量过早泄漏，至冰层的传递效率低，无法引起冰层的抬升和回落；爆距过大时，由于冰介质低抗拉强度的特性，出现背爆面崩落和层裂，而迎爆面无压缩失效的现象；继续增大爆距，气泡运动将无法引起冰层的局部弯曲变形
7	0.6	3.0	0.6	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	挤压压溃，崩落与层裂，漏斗形破损，冰层局部抬升，冰层整体回落，射流冲刷
8	0.6	3.0	1.0	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	挤压压溃，崩落与层裂，漏斗形破损，冰层局部抬升，冰层整体回落，射流冲刷
9	0.6	3.0	1.4	拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	迎爆面无明显压溃
10	0.6	3.0	1.8	拉伸、整体弯曲变形	迎爆面无明显压溃，没有出现中心抬升和局部弯曲变形、剪切破坏，射流引起的冲刷破坏不明显
11	0.2	3.0	1.0	压缩、剪切破坏	崩落与层裂现象不明显，没有形成漏斗形破损。没有出现局部弯曲变形，而直接产生剪切破坏，整体弯曲回落现象未出现，射流没有起到冲刷破坏作用	对于薄冰层，冲击波率先作用于冰层造成直接压溃，背爆面的拉伸破坏没有时间充分发展，且剪切破坏的临界应力值较小，冰层来不及充分弯曲变形而发生彻底的剪切破坏；增大冰厚，强度提高，冲击波造成的破损程度降低，冰-水系统的密闭性得到增强，气泡能量到冰层的传递效率提高，冰层出现弯曲变形；冰厚继续增大，冰层强度过高，气泡运动无法引起冰层明显的弯曲变形
12	0.4	3.0	1.0	压缩、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	崩落与层裂现象不明显，没有形成漏斗形破损。
13	0.6	3.0	1.0	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	挤压压溃，崩落与层裂，漏斗形破损，冰层局部抬升，冰层整体回落，射流冲刷
14	0.8	3.0	1.0	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、整体弯曲变形、冲塞破坏	挤压压溃，崩落与层裂，漏斗形破损，冰层局部抬升，冰层整体回落，射流冲刷
15	1.0	3.0	1.0	压缩、拉伸、局部弯曲和剪切、冲塞破坏	没有出现整体弯曲回落现象

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表 13 等效温度冰层材料参数

Table 13. Equivalent temperature ice layer material parameters

层	密度/(kg·m⁻³)	泊松比	杨氏模量/GPa	σ_t/MPa	σ_c/MPa
1	917.55	0.3295	8.5402	3.9779	17.4897
2	918.30	0.3300	8.6397	4.1936	17.9889
3	919.05	0.3304	8.7241	4.4346	18.8342
4	919.80	0.3308	8.7930	4.7040	20.2657
等效冰层	918.675	0.3302	8.6743	4.3275	18.6446

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表 14 冰层破坏范围

Table 14. Range of ice damage

冰层性质	R_c/m	R_f/m
温度梯度	1.56	6.85
均匀温度	1.63	8.32

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