梯度陶瓷球复合装甲的抗弹性能

姚羿; 赵凯; 程劲松; 郭顺; 周琦; 王子豪; 张永亮; 郑志军

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2026-0017

梯度陶瓷球复合装甲的抗弹性能

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0017

姚羿^{1, 2,},
赵凯¹,
程劲松^{1, 2},
郭顺³,
周琦³,
王子豪¹,
张永亮^{1, 2, ,},
郑志军¹

1.
中国科学技术大学近代力学系中国科学院材料力学行为和设计重点实验室，安徽合肥 230026
2.
军事科学院国防工程研究院目标易损性评估全国重点实验室，北京 100036
3.
南京理工大学材料科学与工程学院，江苏南京 210094

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12572448, 12425210）；目标易损性评估全国重点实验室开放基金（YSX2024KFXY010）

详细信息

作者简介:
姚　羿（2001－　），男，硕士研究生，yy2362778@mail.ustc.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张永亮（1987－　），男，博士，副研究员，zyld@ustc.edn.cn

中图分类号: O385
计量
- 文章访问数: 155
- HTML全文浏览量: 16
- PDF下载量: 68
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-14
- 修回日期: 2026-01-10
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-12

Ballistic resistance of gradient ceramic ball composite armor

YAO Yi^{1, 2
,},
ZHAO Kai¹,
CHENG Jingsong^{1, 2},
GUO Shun³,
ZHOU Qi³,
WANG Zihao¹,
ZHANG Yongliang^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHENG Zhijun¹

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Target Vulnerability Assessment, Defense Engineering Institute, Beijing 100036, China
3.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China

摘要

摘要: 提出了梯度陶瓷球金属复合结构，并基于12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹的侵彻实验及其数值模拟，分析了多发弹体侵彻复合靶板过程中前后发弹体间的侵彻行为特征。采用Johnson-Cook和Johnson-Holmquist材料本构模型开展了系列的有限元模拟，讨论了陶瓷球尺寸、前后发弹体着弹间距和陶瓷球梯度排列方向等因素对复合结构抗弹性能的影响。结果表明：增大陶瓷球直径可显著扩大损伤区域并增强结构的非均匀性，从而提高了靶板对冲击位置的敏感性。在多发弹冲击条件下，前发弹体冲击造成的既有损伤会明显降低靶板的能量吸收能力，并改变后发弹体的侵彻行为，尤其在后发弹体着弹点位于损伤区域时更显著。并且在一定着弹间距下，由损伤不均匀性诱导的弹体偏转可在动能吸收相近的情况下有效降低背板的侵彻深度。与负梯度结构相比，正梯度陶瓷球复合装甲在相同面密度条件下可使首层陶瓷球的损伤面积减小14.8%~57.8%，并可有效限制初始损伤区的扩展，在多次打击下保持更高的结构完整性。可见，合理设计陶瓷球梯度分布能够有效改善复合装甲抗多次打击的防护性能。
- 梯度复合结构 /
- 抗弹性能 /
- 弹体侵彻 /
- 二次冲击
Abstract: Ceramic/metal composite armor has attracted extensive attention in lightweight protective structures because of its high hardness, excellent energy dissipation capability, and strong resistance to repeated impacts. However, most existing studies focus on uniformly distributed ceramic balls and single-impact scenarios, leaving the damage evolution and protective mechanisms of gradient ceramic-ball composites under multiple impacts insufficiently understood. To address these limitations, a gradient ceramic-ball metal composite structure was proposed to improve the multi-hit resistance of composite armor. Penetration experiments using 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles were conducted to investigate the ballistic response of the composite target. Based on the experimental conditions, numerical simulations were carried out using the LS-DYNA software to analyze the penetration behavior of successive projectiles impacting the composite target plate. A three-dimensional finite element model was established to reproduce the penetration process, in which the Johnson–Cook constitutive model was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of metallic components and the Johnson–Holmquist ceramic constitutive model was adopted to characterize the dynamic response and failure behavior of ceramic materials. Appropriate contact algorithms and erosion criteria were implemented to simulate the interaction, damage, and fragmentation processes between the projectile and the target materials. Parametric numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the penetration characteristics of successive projectiles during the multi-impact process. The effects of ceramic ball diameter, impact spacing between successive projectiles, and gradient arrangement direction of ceramic balls on the ballistic performance of the composite structure were systematically investigated. In addition, the penetration depth, energy absorption characteristics, damage morphology of the target, and projectile deflection behavior were analyzed to reveal the influence of structural heterogeneity and pre-existing damage on the penetration response. The results show that increasing the diameter of ceramic balls significantly enlarges the damage region and enhances the structural non-uniformity, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the structure to impact location. Under multiple projectile impact conditions, the pre-existing damage caused by the first projectile significantly reduces the energy absorption capacity of the target plate and alters the penetration behavior of the subsequent projectile, especially when the impact point of the latter is located within the damaged region. Within a certain range of impact spacing, projectile deflection induced by damage heterogeneity effectively reduces the penetration depth of the backing plate even when the absorbed kinetic energy remains nearly unchanged. Compared with the negative-gradient configuration, the positive-gradient ceramic-ball composite armor reduces the damage area of the first ceramic layer by 14.8%–57.8% under the same areal density and effectively restricts the expansion of the initial damage region, thereby maintaining higher structural integrity under repeated impacts. These results indicate that a properly designed gradient distribution of ceramic balls can significantly improve the multi-hit resistance of ceramic/metal composite armor and provide useful guidance for the lightweight design and structural optimization of gradient ceramic-ball composite armor.
- gradient ceramic-ball metal composite structure /
- ballistic resistance /
- projectile penetration /
- secondary impact

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图 1 弹道装置测试系统

Figure 1. Ballistic device test system

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图 2 弹体侵彻复合靶板及陶瓷球排布示意图（单位为mm）

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of projectile penetration composite target and ceramic ball arrangement (unti in mm)

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图 3 复合靶板破坏

Figure 3. Composite target plate damage

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图 4 后效靶板破坏

Figure 4. Rear target plate damage

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图 5 梯度陶瓷球铝合金复合靶板有限元模型

Figure 5. Finite element models of gradient ceramic-ball aluminum alloy composite target

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图 6 3种不同陶瓷球尺寸的均布陶瓷球模型

Figure 6. Three uniformly distributed ceramic ball models with different sizes

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图 7 子弹侵彻靶板示意图

Figure 7. Diagrams of bullet penetrating target

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图 8 仿真与实验陶瓷球损伤对比

Figure 8. Comparison of damage in simulated and experimental ceramic balls

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图 9 不同尺寸靶板不同着弹点的损伤结果图

Figure 9. Damage patterns at different impact points on target plates of various sizes

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图 10 不同着弹距离L下的第一层陶瓷球的损伤分布

Figure 10. Damage distribution of the first layer of ceramic balls at different impact distances L

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图 11 不同着弹间距下第2发弹的剩余动能变化曲线

Figure 11. Variation curve of the second projectile's residual kinetic energy at different impact spacing

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图 12 不同着弹间距下陶瓷球复合靶板的最终变形

Figure 12. Final deformation of ceramic ball composite target plate at different impact spacing

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图 13 不同着弹距离L下的第1层陶瓷球的损伤分布

Figure 13. Damage distribution of the first layer of ceramic balls at different impact distances L

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图 14 正负梯度结构中第1发弹的损伤区域对比

Figure 14. Comparison of damage zones of the first bullet in the positive and negative gradient structures

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表 1 弹体材料的力学性能^[21]

Table 1. Mechanical properties of projectile material^[21]

材料	弹性模量/GPa	密度/(kg·m⁻³)	泊松比	屈服强度/MPa
T12A钢	197.57	7830	0.295	3544

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表 2 SiC陶瓷的材料参数

Table 2. Material parameters of SiC ceramics

参数	不同用途对应的参数值
参数	防弹	结构材料
密度/(g·cm⁻³)	≥3.14	≥3.10
HV5硬度	≥2400	≥2200
显气孔率/%	＜0.2	＜0.2
抗弯强度/MPa	≥380	≥400
碳化硅原料纯度/%	≥99	≥99
最高使用温度/℃	1600	1600

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表 3 金属的JC模型参数

Table 3. JC model parameters for metals

材料	ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	G/GPa	A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	T_m/K	c_p/(J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹)
T12A	7850	77	3500	9900	0.16	0	1	1793	477
7075铝	2780	28	369	684	0.73	0.0086	1.7	775	880
603钢^[23]	7850	77	830	660	0.36	0.006	0.804	1793	447

材料	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	C₂/(m·s⁻¹)	a₂	S₁
T12A	1.4	0	0	0	0	4569	0.46	1.33
7075铝	0.112	0.123	1.5	0.007	0	3173	0.46	1.49
603钢^[23]	0.34	407	7.322	0	0	4569	0.46	1.33

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表 4 碳化硅陶瓷的JH-2模型参数^[25]

Table 4. JH-2 model parameters for SiC ceramics^[25]

ρ/(kg·m⁻³)	G/GPa	a	b	c	M	N	HEL/GPa	d₁	d₂	K₁/GPa	K₂/GPa	K₃/GPa
3160	183	0.96	0.35	0	1	0.65	14	0.48	0.48	204	0	0

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