Influence of shock waves on mechanical injury indicators of the human head and neck under different ambient pressure conditions
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摘要: 为揭示低气压环境下爆炸冲击波作用于人员头颈时的运动学响应规律，采用集成超压传感器、加速度传感器、角速度传感器及六轴载荷传感器的高仿真物理假人模型，依托激波管测试系统，在4种不同环境气压下依次开展3种不同冲击波强度实验。结果表明：在54~101 kPa 的环境压力条件下，自由场冲击波峰值超压随环境气压降低整体呈下降趋势（相较101 kPa气压环境，当气压环境为54 kPa时峰值超压下降约16.03%），头部各测点峰值超压在低气压区间亦呈下降趋势。与此同时，头部质心x、z向加速度峰值与颈部x、z向力峰值整体随环境压力降低呈递减趋势，而头部质心y方向角速度峰值与颈部y方向扭矩峰值整体随环境压力降低递增趋势，表明在本研究工况下，低气压环境对头颈系统平动与转动响应的影响呈相反变化趋势。研究发现：基于常温常压条件建立的损伤量化评估方法在高原（低气压）环境下存在适用性偏差，其原因在于高原（低气压）环境可改变人体生理机能（如低氧、低温降低组织耐受性），相同冲击波加载工况下伤情往往较平原更重，该方法需在低气压工况下进行校准与验证。Abstract: In recent years, with the widespread application of various explosive weapons, the number of explosion-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases has surged. Current research on explosive blast injuries predominantly focuses on plain environments, while studies on the injury mechanisms, trauma characteristics, and treatment strategies under the special physical and chemical environment of the plateau remain relatively scarce. To investigate the kinematic response of the human head–neck system subjected to blast loading under low-ambient-pressure conditions, this study employed a high-fidelity physical anthropomorphic surrogate instrumented with overpressure transducers, accelerometers, angular-rate sensors, and a six-axis load cell. Experiments were conducted using a shock-tube test system at four ambient-pressure levels, with three blast overpressure magnitudes applied sequentially for each pressure condition. The results show that, under ambient pressures ranging from 54 kPa to 101 kPa, the free-field peak overpressure decreases with decreasing ambient pressure (relative to 101 kPa, the peak overpressure at 54 kPa is reduced by approximately 16.03%). The peak overpressure measured at various locations on the head surface also shows a decreasing trend in the low-pressure range. Meanwhile, translational metrics—such as the peak head center-of-gravity accelerations in the x and z directions and the peak neck forces in the x and z directions—decrease overall with decreasing ambient pressure, whereas rotational metrics such as the peak head center-of-gravity angular velocity in the y direction and the peak neck torque in the y direction—increase overall with decreasing ambient pressure. These findings indicate that, under the present test conditions, low ambient pressure exerts opposite effects on the translational and rotational responses of the head-neck system. The study reveals that the injury quantification assessment method established under normothermic and normobaric conditions exhibits applicability bias in high-altitude (hypobaric) environments. This bias arises because high-altitude (hypobaric) conditions can alter human physiological functions (e.g., hypoxia and hypothermia reduce tissue tolerance). Under identical blast loading conditions, injuries tend to be more severe than those at plain levels. Therefore, the method requires calibration and validation under hypobaric conditions. In summary, this study provides a mechanics-based reference for blast-induced injury research and for evaluating the applicability of injury criteria in plateau (low-ambient-pressure) environments.
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图 2 不同环境气压条件下实验段出口超压时程曲线
Figure 2. Shock wave overpressure time-history curves at the experimental section exit under different ambient pressure conditions
图 3 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压下不同测点的冲击波超压时程曲线
Figure 3. Shock wave overpressure time-history curves at different measurement points under different ambient pressures in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 4 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压下头部表面峰值超压
Figure 4. Peak overpressure on the head surface under different ambient pressures in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 5 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下头部质心加速度时程曲线
Figure 5. Acceleration time-history curves of the center of mass of the head under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 6 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压下头部质心加速度峰值
Figure 6. Peak Accelerations of the center of mass of the head under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 7 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下头部质心角速度时程曲线
Figure 7. Angular velocity time-history curves of the center of mass of the head under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 8 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压下头部质心角速度峰值
Figure 8. Peak angular velocities of the center of mass of the head under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 9 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下颈部力时程曲线
Figure 9. Neck force time-history curves under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 10 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下颈部力峰值
Figure 10. Peak neck forces under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 11 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下颈部扭矩时程曲线
Figure 11. Neck torque time-history curves under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
图 12 60 kPa冲击波工况下，不同环境气压条件下颈部扭矩峰值
Figure 12. Peak neck torques under different ambient pressure conditions in 60 kPa shock wave case
表 1 初始实验条件
Table 1. Initial experimental conditions
组别 $ {p}_{\text{d}} $/kPa $ {p}_{\text{t}} $/kPa $ {p}_{\text{e}} $/kPa 1 461 59.0 101 2 431 55.1 89 3 431 51.5 70 4 421 48.9 55 
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表 2 激波管实验段压力
Table 2. Pressures in the experimental section of the shock tube
$ {p}_{\text{e}} $/kPa $ {p}_{\text{t}} $/kPa 第1次 第2次 第3次 101 64.6 56.9 54.3 90 62.9 62.1 57.2 70 50.1 49.4 47.7 54 46.8 46.6 46.1
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表 3 激波信息
Table 3. Shock wave information
pe/kPa pt/kPa D/(m·s−1) Ms Δp/kPa 101 59.0 417.4 1.23 59.63 90 55.1 417.4 1.23 52.39 70 51.5 427.4 1.26 47.15 54 48.9 440.9 1.30 43.58
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