基于冲击疲劳本构模型的高速铁路轮轨滚滑接触力学行为

周琛汶; 周雄飞; 敬霖

doi:10.11883/bzycj-2026-0054

基于冲击疲劳本构模型的高速铁路轮轨滚滑接触力学行为

doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0054

西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室，四川成都 610031

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12122211）；国家铁路集团科技研究开发计划项目(L2024J003)；四川省自然科学基金(2024NSFSC0155)；轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室开放课题（RVL2504）

详细信息

作者简介:
周琛汶（2001年－），男，硕士研究生。 E-mail：zcw1528214702@my.swjtu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
敬霖（1984年－），男，博士，研究员，博士生导师. E-mail: jinglin@swjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O346.2; U211.5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-02-10
- 修回日期: 2026-04-24
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-20

Mechanical behavior of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact in high-speed railways based on an impact fatigue constitutive model

State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 冲击疲劳是指材料/结构在反复冲击载荷的作用下，局部应力集中和应变快速累积引发材料/结构内部微损伤，并最终发生断裂失效的现象。冲击疲劳载荷具有作用时间短、加载速度快和应变率较高等特点，比常规疲劳具有更大的危害性。高速铁路轮轨动态接触载荷具有典型的冲击疲劳载荷特征，会引起冲击疲劳损伤累积，加剧服役性能劣化，从而影响高速列车运行的安全性。基于此，本文结合轮轨材料冲击疲劳损伤耦合本构模型，开展了三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模拟，厘清了高速铁路轮轨瞬时滚滑接触应力/应变状态和黏滑特性，分析了轮轨冲击疲劳损伤的分布特征和累积演化规律，探讨了列车速度、摩擦因数和牵引系数对冲击疲劳损伤的影响，比较了材料本构模型对轮轨滚滑接触力学行为的影响。结果表明，本文提出的轮轨材料冲击疲劳本构模型可以较好地模拟轮轨滚滑接触力学响应、黏滑分布特征和冲击疲劳损伤累积规律；轮轨多次滚动接触时，钢轨冲击疲劳损伤随滚动次数的增加呈现出非线性累积增长的趋势，但增长速率逐渐减小并近似趋于稳定；与弹塑性本构模型相比，冲击疲劳本构模型预测的轮轨接触力学响应更偏危险，且随着车轮滚动次数的增加，冲击疲劳损伤耦合影响逐渐增大。研究结果可为高速轮轨系统的疲劳损伤评估与寿命预测提供理论指导和技术支持。
- 冲击疲劳 /
- 滚动接触 /
- 塑性变形 /
- 有限元分析 /
- 高速轮轨
Abstract: Impact fatigue refers to the phenomenon in which materials or structures, subjected to repeated impact loading, experience localized stress concentrations and rapid strain accumulation, leading to the initiation of internal micro-damage and ultimately the fracture failure. Impact fatigue loads are characterized by their short duration, rapid loading rates and significantly elevated strain-rates, which has greater threat than conventional fatigue. The wheel-rail dynamic contact forces of high-speed trains exhibit typical characteristics of impact fatigue loading, which induces the accumulation of impact fatigue damage, accelerates the deterioration of material’s mechanical properties; and consequently, compromises the operational safety of high-speed trains. The present study integrates a material-based impact fatigue damage-coupled constitutive model to develop a comprehensive three-dimensional wheel-rail rolling contact finite element model. The stress-strain states and adhesion-slip characteristics of wheel-rail rolling/sliding contact are clarified, and the distribution features and accumulation evolution of wheel-rail impact fatigue damage are analyzed. Meanwhile, the effects of train speed, friction coefficient, and traction coefficient on impact fatigue damage are studied, and the influence of material constitutive model on typical wheel-rail contact mechanical behavior is examined. The results clearly indicate that the proposed impact fatigue model is able to well represent the wheel-rail contact responses, adhesion-slip distribution characteristics and damage accumulation. Under repeated rolling contact, the impact fatigue damage of the rail exhibits a nonlinear cumulative increasing trend with the increase of rolling cycles; however, the growth rate gradually decreases and eventually tends to stabilize approximately. Compared with the elastoplastic constitutive model, the wheel-rail contact mechanical responses predicted by the impact fatigue constitutive model are more severe and dangerous. Moreover, the coupling effect of impact fatigue damage gradually intensifies with the increase of wheel passages. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights and technical support for fatigue damage assessment and life prediction of high-speed wheel-rail systems.
- impact fatigue /
- rolling contact /
- plastic deformation /
- finite element analysis /
- high-speed wheel-rail

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图 1 半轮对-钢轨三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型

Figure 1. Three-dimensional rolling contact finite element model of half-wheel-rail system

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图 2 损伤耦合本构模型子程序流程图

Figure 2. Flowchart of the user material subroutine for the damage-coupled constitutive model

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图 3 不同列车速度下的轮轨接触力时程曲线

Figure 3. Time-history curves of wheel-rail contact forces at different train speeds

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图 4 基于有限元法和FASTSIM算法的黏滑特性曲线

Figure 4. Adhesion-slip characteristic curve based on the finite element method and FASTSIM algorithm

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图 5 轮轨 von Mises 应力分布

Figure 5. Von Mises stress distribution in wheel-rail system

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图 6 轮轨接触区车轮和钢轨的应力时程曲线

Figure 6. Stress-time curves of wheel and rail on the wheel-rail contact interface

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图 7 轮轨的等效塑性应变分布及其时程响应特征

Figure 7. Equivalent plastic strain distributions on the wheel-rail contact interface, and their time-history curves

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图 8 轮轨接触界面黏滑状态与剪切应力的分布特性

Figure 8. Adhesion-slip behavior and shear stress distribution at the wheel-rail contact interface

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图 9 冲击疲劳损伤分布情况

Figure 9. Distributions of impact fatigue damage

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图 10 轮轨冲击疲劳损伤时程响应曲线

Figure 10. Time-response curves of wheel-rail impact fatigue damage

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图 11 钢轨单元损伤变量随轮对通过次数的累积曲线

Figure 11. Accumulation of damage variable in rail element with increasing number of wheel passages

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图 12 不同列车速度下的轮轨冲击疲劳损伤分布云图

Figure 12. Contour map of wheel-rail impact fatigue damage distribution at different train speeds

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图 13 列车速度对轮轨冲击疲劳损伤的影响

Figure 13. Effect of train speed on wheel-rail impact fatigue damage

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图 14 摩擦因数对轮轨最大von Mises应力的影响

Figure 14. Effect of friction coefficient on maximum von Mises stress in wheel-rail interaction

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图 15 不同摩擦因数下的轮轨冲击疲劳损伤分布云图

Figure 15. Contour map of wheel-rail impact fatigue damage distribution with different friction coefficients

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图 16 不同牵引系数轮轨表面切向应力分布

Figure 16. Tangential stress distribution on wheel-rail surfaces with different traction coefficients

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图 17 不同牵引系数下的轮轨冲击疲劳损伤分布云图

Figure 17. Contour map of wheel-rail impact fatigue damage distribution with different traction coefficients

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图 18 不同列车速度下的轮轨瞬态接触力学响应

Figure 18. Mechanical responses due to wheel-rail transient contact at different train speeds

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图 19 不同摩擦因数下的轮轨瞬态接触力学响应

Figure 19. Mechanical responses due to wheel-rail transient contact for different friction coefficients

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图 20 不同牵引系数下的轮轨瞬态接触力学响应

Figure 20. Mechanical responses due to wheel-rail transient contact for different traction coefficients

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图 21 轮对通过5次后钢轨的von Mises应力和等效塑性应变分布

Figure 21. Von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain distribution of the rail after five wheel passages

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图 22 不同滚动次数下钢轨的von Mises应力和等效塑性应变

Figure 22. Von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain of rail under different rolling cycles

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表 1 轮轨系统模型参数

Table 1. Wheel-rail system model parameters

参数	参数值
车轮半径/mm	460
簧上质量/kg	6600
一系悬挂刚度K₁/(kN·m⁻¹)	880
一系悬挂阻尼C₁/(kN∙s·m⁻¹)	8
扣件总刚度K₂/(kN·m⁻¹)	49000
扣件总阻尼C₂/(kN∙s·m⁻¹)	63
列车速度(km·h⁻¹)	300、350、400、450
摩擦因数f	0.05、0.1、0.2、0.45
牵引系数μ	0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5

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表 2 轮轨冲击疲劳损伤耦合本构模型参数

Table 2. Parameters of the coupled constitutive model for wheel-rail impact fatigue damage

结构	E /MPa	ν	A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	S/MPa	m	α
轮辋	213000	0.3	530	829.9	0.25	0.0095	2.7	2.34	4.1
钢轨	193000	0.3	525	837	0.23	0.0085	3.9	1.47	0.0057

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表 3 轮轨系统其他部位的力学性能参数^[25]

Table 3. Structural mechanical performance parameters of wheel-rail systems^[25]

结构	密度/(kg·m⁻³)	泊松比	弹性模量/GPa	屈服强度/MPa	切线模量/GPa
轮辐	7800	0.3	216	395	21
轮毂	7800	0.3	213	417	21
车轴	7800	0.3	206	560	20
轨道板	2500	0.167	36.5	−	−
砂浆层	1800	0.2	7	−	−
底座	2400	0.2	34	−	−
路基	2250	0.2	0.19	−	−

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