球墨铸铁在低温及冲击载荷下的韧脆转变行为
Ductile-brittle transition behavior of nodular cast iron under low temperature and impact loading
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摘要: 为了提高核乏燃料储运容器等球墨铸铁结构在低温、冲击环境下的服役安全性,本文通过改进的霍普金森压杆技术对球墨铸铁材料在常温与低温(20℃、-40℃、-60℃和-80℃)下的I型动态断裂韧性进行了测试,并着重研究了材料的韧脆转变行为。试样的起裂时间由应变法确定,采用实验-数值方法确定了裂尖动态应力强度因子和材料的I型动态断裂韧性。结果表明,在相同冲击速度加载下,球墨铸铁的I型动态断裂韧性随温度的降低而明显降低,起裂时间也随温度降低而减少。通过对断口的微观分析,发现在不同温度下材料存在失效机理的转变。随着温度的降低,断口韧窝减少,河流花样以及解理台阶增多。通过对韧性与脆性微观形貌特征进行量化统计,表明了材料在低温下存在延性特征变弱、脆性增强的规律,这种韧脆转变现象与材料断裂韧性的测试结果相吻合。
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Abstract: To enhance the service safety of nodular cast iron structures such as the spent nuclear fuel storage and transportation vessel under low temperature and dynamic loads, the mode I dynamic fracture toughness of nodular cast iron was experimentally investigated at ambient and cryogenic temperatures (20℃, -40℃, -60℃ and -80℃) using an improved split Hopkinson pressure bar technique. The ductile-brittle transition behavior of the material was specially investigated. The crack initiation time of the specimen was determined by the strain gauge method. The dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) at the crack tip and the mode I dynamic fracture toughness (DFT) of the material were determined by the experimental-numerical method. The results show that under the same impact velocity, the DFT and fracture initiation time of nodular cast iron decrease significantly with the decrease in temperature. Through quantitative analysis of the microscopic fracture morphologies, it is revealed that there is a failure mechanism transition at different temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the number of dimples on the fracture surface decreases, while the river patterns as well as cleavage steps increase, which indicates that the ductility of the material is weakened but the brittleness is enhanced at low temperatures. This ductile-brittle transition phenomenon is consistent with the tendency of the measured toughness of the material.
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