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2026,
46(7):
071001.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0243
Abstract:
In the field of material dynamic mechanical properties research, it is significant to obtain reliable data of materials under complex stress states. To address the challenge of achieving a stable stress ratio during combined loading, this work developed a novel device based on the electromagnetic Hopkinson bar (ESHB) platform. This device uniquely enables unilateral synchronous tension/compression-torsion combined dynamic loading. The paper detailed the device’s configuration and loading principles. The core innovation of this device is the independent generation of trapezoidal tensile/compressive and torsional stress waves. A multi-circuit pulse shaper produced tensile/compressive waves, while shear waves were generated using an electromagnetic clamp with torque storage. Crucially, a high-precision digital delay generator (DDG) ensured wave synchronization. With triggering accuracy within 0.1 μs, it controlled the arrival time difference of these distinct waves at the specimen to within 5 μs. This overcame the challenge posed by their different propagation velocities. Additionally, it described the synchronization control methodology and the wave propagation analysis essential for timing calculations. To validate the apparatus, dynamic tension-torsion experiments were conducted on CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy specimens. The results show that the device is highly reliable and effective. It successfully achieved a stable stress ratio of approximately 1.7 throughout the loading duration. Furthermore, the experiments conclusively showed a key finding. Trapezoidal wave loading significantly enhances stress-ratio stability during combined dynamic loading. This improvement contrasts with the effect of traditional sinusoidal wave loading. This advancement offers a robust and controllable experimental method. It enables the study of materials’ dynamic mechanical responses under complex stress states. These states involve high-strain rates and multiaxial loading. This capability is especially valuable for aerospace, impact engineering, and materials science applications. The successful implementation of constant stress-ratio loading opens avenues for more accurate characterization of material yield criteria and failure mechanisms under dynamic multiaxial conditions.
In the field of material dynamic mechanical properties research, it is significant to obtain reliable data of materials under complex stress states. To address the challenge of achieving a stable stress ratio during combined loading, this work developed a novel device based on the electromagnetic Hopkinson bar (ESHB) platform. This device uniquely enables unilateral synchronous tension/compression-torsion combined dynamic loading. The paper detailed the device’s configuration and loading principles. The core innovation of this device is the independent generation of trapezoidal tensile/compressive and torsional stress waves. A multi-circuit pulse shaper produced tensile/compressive waves, while shear waves were generated using an electromagnetic clamp with torque storage. Crucially, a high-precision digital delay generator (DDG) ensured wave synchronization. With triggering accuracy within 0.1 μs, it controlled the arrival time difference of these distinct waves at the specimen to within 5 μs. This overcame the challenge posed by their different propagation velocities. Additionally, it described the synchronization control methodology and the wave propagation analysis essential for timing calculations. To validate the apparatus, dynamic tension-torsion experiments were conducted on CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy specimens. The results show that the device is highly reliable and effective. It successfully achieved a stable stress ratio of approximately 1.7 throughout the loading duration. Furthermore, the experiments conclusively showed a key finding. Trapezoidal wave loading significantly enhances stress-ratio stability during combined dynamic loading. This improvement contrasts with the effect of traditional sinusoidal wave loading. This advancement offers a robust and controllable experimental method. It enables the study of materials’ dynamic mechanical responses under complex stress states. These states involve high-strain rates and multiaxial loading. This capability is especially valuable for aerospace, impact engineering, and materials science applications. The successful implementation of constant stress-ratio loading opens avenues for more accurate characterization of material yield criteria and failure mechanisms under dynamic multiaxial conditions.
2026,
46(7):
071401.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0225
Abstract:
In both national defense and civilian applications, various equipment and structural components are frequently subjected to intermittent, high loading rates, and repetitive severe impact loads, which are referred to as repeated impacts or impact fatigue. To study the impact fatigue behavior of equipment or structures, it is necessary to first establish reliable impact fatigue testing techniques or methodologies. Therefore, the conventional Hopkinson bar impact loading system was modified and enhanced, and the stress wave propagation characteristics in the loading bar, specimen, and associated fixtures under successive impacts were analyzed in detail. The method for controlling the amplitude, width, and waveform configuration of the impact loading pulse applied to the specimen was systematically analyzed. In addition, a theoretical analysis was conducted on the principle of achieving single pulse loading in impact fatigue testing. Effective control of the amplitude, pulse width, and the stress wave pulse configuration of the loading wave is realized by optimizing and modifying the impact velocity, length, and geometric shape of the projectile. Consequently, a simple and efficient single pulse loading method suitable for impact fatigue testing was proposed. The core principle involves designing the length and material parameters of the loading bar such that the end surfaces of the specimen and the bar coordinate and then separate, thereby preventing irregular and random secondary or multiple loadings caused by reflected stress waves. This design ensures that each individual impact in a continuous impact sequence results in a single loading on the specimen. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed impact fatigue testing technique have been verified through a combination of numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Additionally, a dedicated loading fixture for shear-type impact fatigue was developed, enabling the acquisition of the shear impact fatigue stress-life curve of TC4 titanium alloy, thus demonstrating the method’s applicability to complex loading modes.
In both national defense and civilian applications, various equipment and structural components are frequently subjected to intermittent, high loading rates, and repetitive severe impact loads, which are referred to as repeated impacts or impact fatigue. To study the impact fatigue behavior of equipment or structures, it is necessary to first establish reliable impact fatigue testing techniques or methodologies. Therefore, the conventional Hopkinson bar impact loading system was modified and enhanced, and the stress wave propagation characteristics in the loading bar, specimen, and associated fixtures under successive impacts were analyzed in detail. The method for controlling the amplitude, width, and waveform configuration of the impact loading pulse applied to the specimen was systematically analyzed. In addition, a theoretical analysis was conducted on the principle of achieving single pulse loading in impact fatigue testing. Effective control of the amplitude, pulse width, and the stress wave pulse configuration of the loading wave is realized by optimizing and modifying the impact velocity, length, and geometric shape of the projectile. Consequently, a simple and efficient single pulse loading method suitable for impact fatigue testing was proposed. The core principle involves designing the length and material parameters of the loading bar such that the end surfaces of the specimen and the bar coordinate and then separate, thereby preventing irregular and random secondary or multiple loadings caused by reflected stress waves. This design ensures that each individual impact in a continuous impact sequence results in a single loading on the specimen. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed impact fatigue testing technique have been verified through a combination of numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Additionally, a dedicated loading fixture for shear-type impact fatigue was developed, enabling the acquisition of the shear impact fatigue stress-life curve of TC4 titanium alloy, thus demonstrating the method’s applicability to complex loading modes.
2026,
46(7):
071402.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0222
Abstract:
Although macroscopic finite-element simulations based on classical composite failure criteria such as Hashin’s can account for macroscopic damage mechanisms such as fiber fracture, matrix damage, and delamination, these approaches are unable to represent microscopic damage mechanisms within carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), particularly interfacial debonding between fibers and the matrix. To overcome this limitation, a multiphase micromechanical model was developed that explicitly incorporates distinct constituent phases-fiber, matrix, and interface. This model integrates multiple damage mechanisms such as fiber fracture, matrix failure, and interfacial debonding, enabling a more granular analysis of damage initiation and progression. Periodic boundary conditions were applied to the model to ensure kinematic consistency and mechanical representativeness. A mesh-convergence study was subsequently carried out on the basis of the predicted elastic moduli of CFRP in various material directions, leading to an optimized discretization strategy that balances accuracy and computational cost. Comprehensive validation was performed by comparing the model-predicted stress-strain responses with experimental data obtained from unidirectional CFRP (UD CFRP) under a range of loading conditions, including transverse tension and compression, longitudinal tension and compression, and in-plane and out-of-plane shear. The damage-evolution processes under these representative loading paths were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the relative errors in peak stress and failure strain between simulations and experiments are less than 5%. Moreover, the crack-propagation paths predicted by the model show strong agreement with observations from scanning electron microscopy, thereby confirming the accuracy of the proposed microstructure-aware micromechanical modeling framework. Furthermore, the model successfully captures the detailed damage evolution of UD CFRP under various loading scenarios. Under transverse tensile loading, damage is initiated by interfacial debonding, followed by plastic deformation and eventual failure of the matrix near debonded regions. In contrast, under transverse compression, interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation are observed to occur simultaneously. Under longitudinal loading, the dominant damage mechanism is identified as fiber fracture, whereas the damage patterns under in-plane and out-of-plane shear are found to be consistent with those under transverse compression and transverse tension, respectively. These insights offer significant engineering value for the development of damage-tolerant design criteria and structural-integrity evaluation frameworks for CFRP components and assemblies.
Although macroscopic finite-element simulations based on classical composite failure criteria such as Hashin’s can account for macroscopic damage mechanisms such as fiber fracture, matrix damage, and delamination, these approaches are unable to represent microscopic damage mechanisms within carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), particularly interfacial debonding between fibers and the matrix. To overcome this limitation, a multiphase micromechanical model was developed that explicitly incorporates distinct constituent phases-fiber, matrix, and interface. This model integrates multiple damage mechanisms such as fiber fracture, matrix failure, and interfacial debonding, enabling a more granular analysis of damage initiation and progression. Periodic boundary conditions were applied to the model to ensure kinematic consistency and mechanical representativeness. A mesh-convergence study was subsequently carried out on the basis of the predicted elastic moduli of CFRP in various material directions, leading to an optimized discretization strategy that balances accuracy and computational cost. Comprehensive validation was performed by comparing the model-predicted stress-strain responses with experimental data obtained from unidirectional CFRP (UD CFRP) under a range of loading conditions, including transverse tension and compression, longitudinal tension and compression, and in-plane and out-of-plane shear. The damage-evolution processes under these representative loading paths were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the relative errors in peak stress and failure strain between simulations and experiments are less than 5%. Moreover, the crack-propagation paths predicted by the model show strong agreement with observations from scanning electron microscopy, thereby confirming the accuracy of the proposed microstructure-aware micromechanical modeling framework. Furthermore, the model successfully captures the detailed damage evolution of UD CFRP under various loading scenarios. Under transverse tensile loading, damage is initiated by interfacial debonding, followed by plastic deformation and eventual failure of the matrix near debonded regions. In contrast, under transverse compression, interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation are observed to occur simultaneously. Under longitudinal loading, the dominant damage mechanism is identified as fiber fracture, whereas the damage patterns under in-plane and out-of-plane shear are found to be consistent with those under transverse compression and transverse tension, respectively. These insights offer significant engineering value for the development of damage-tolerant design criteria and structural-integrity evaluation frameworks for CFRP components and assemblies.
2026,
46(7):
071403.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0248
Abstract:
When a projectile impacts a thin plate at hypervelocity, the projectile material usually undergoes deformation, fragmentation, and even phase transition under the action of a complex wave system, forming a secondary debris cloud. It has been shown that the head shape of the rod affects the hypervelocity impact between the rod and a thin plate. A series of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) numerical simulations of the hypervelocity impact by rods with flat head, hemispherical head, and cone head at impact velocities of 3.30 km/s and 6.0 km/s and length-to-diameter ratios of 2/1 and 3/1 were carried out. Simulation results show that the intensity of the shock wave and the failure in the material are affected by the head shape of the rod. With the impact across the plate, the mass loss and kinetic energy loss of the rod are related to the head shape. Obtuse cone head and flat head impact produce the strongest shock wave, most intense projectile fragmentation, and largest loss of rod mass and kinetic energy. A model of the interaction between the rod and the plate, as well as the shock wave generation during the impact, was built. The model shows that there exists a critical half-cone angle (related to the impact velocity and the target material), which leads to continuous interaction between rod and plate and makes the fragmentation of the rod projectile the most violent. For the hypervelocity impact of projectiles with different shapes, in a previous work, the impact-induced shock wave in a cone is more severe than that of a sphere or a rod, while another work has an inconsistent result. The model was successfully used to explain the contradictory results. This paper can provide some references for the research of hypervelocity impact and the protection design of space debris.
When a projectile impacts a thin plate at hypervelocity, the projectile material usually undergoes deformation, fragmentation, and even phase transition under the action of a complex wave system, forming a secondary debris cloud. It has been shown that the head shape of the rod affects the hypervelocity impact between the rod and a thin plate. A series of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) numerical simulations of the hypervelocity impact by rods with flat head, hemispherical head, and cone head at impact velocities of 3.30 km/s and 6.0 km/s and length-to-diameter ratios of 2/1 and 3/1 were carried out. Simulation results show that the intensity of the shock wave and the failure in the material are affected by the head shape of the rod. With the impact across the plate, the mass loss and kinetic energy loss of the rod are related to the head shape. Obtuse cone head and flat head impact produce the strongest shock wave, most intense projectile fragmentation, and largest loss of rod mass and kinetic energy. A model of the interaction between the rod and the plate, as well as the shock wave generation during the impact, was built. The model shows that there exists a critical half-cone angle (related to the impact velocity and the target material), which leads to continuous interaction between rod and plate and makes the fragmentation of the rod projectile the most violent. For the hypervelocity impact of projectiles with different shapes, in a previous work, the impact-induced shock wave in a cone is more severe than that of a sphere or a rod, while another work has an inconsistent result. The model was successfully used to explain the contradictory results. This paper can provide some references for the research of hypervelocity impact and the protection design of space debris.
2026,
46(7):
071404.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0227
Abstract:
At present, there is a lack of research on the correlation between the shock design load specified in GJB 1060.1—1991 and the shock test load corresponding to the test conditions specified in GJB 150.18—1986 in China. Without a clear understanding of the severities of shock design loads and shock test loads, it is impossible to accurately guide the anti-shock design for the evaluation and testing of ship equipment. Taking the medium-weight shock test specified in GJB 150.18—1986 standard as a case, a multi-degree-of-freedom mass stiffness damping dynamic model is established. Considering the single-degree-of-freedom rigid installation equipment installed on the hull (the equipment itself is assumed to be rigid), the shock test load calculation under the standard conditions can be carried out. It can be found that there are upper and lower limits for the shock spectrum velocity of the test load anvil where the lower limit is about 1.75 m/s and the upper limit is about 2.40 m/s. A calculation formula of the shock test spectrum velocity is fitted. Based on the DDAM (dynamic design analysis method) method and the shock design spectrum value specified in GJB 1060.1—1991, the shock design spectrum velocity calculated is compared with the shock test load, and the influences of equipment installation frequency, equipment mass and pendulum height on the shock design load and shock test load are analyzed. Based on the comparison results, it is found that the shock design load is more severe than the shock test load. However, when the channel steel span is relatively large (greater than 90 cm) and the equipment installation frequency is relatively high (greater than 80 Hz), the shock test load may be more severe. In addition, the quantitative ratio between the velocity of the shock design spectrum and that of the shock test spectrum is provided. The research results prove the correlation between the shock design load and the shock test load, which can provide reference for the shock resistance design and shock test of the equipment and the revision of relevant standards.
At present, there is a lack of research on the correlation between the shock design load specified in GJB 1060.1—1991 and the shock test load corresponding to the test conditions specified in GJB 150.18—1986 in China. Without a clear understanding of the severities of shock design loads and shock test loads, it is impossible to accurately guide the anti-shock design for the evaluation and testing of ship equipment. Taking the medium-weight shock test specified in GJB 150.18—1986 standard as a case, a multi-degree-of-freedom mass stiffness damping dynamic model is established. Considering the single-degree-of-freedom rigid installation equipment installed on the hull (the equipment itself is assumed to be rigid), the shock test load calculation under the standard conditions can be carried out. It can be found that there are upper and lower limits for the shock spectrum velocity of the test load anvil where the lower limit is about 1.75 m/s and the upper limit is about 2.40 m/s. A calculation formula of the shock test spectrum velocity is fitted. Based on the DDAM (dynamic design analysis method) method and the shock design spectrum value specified in GJB 1060.1—1991, the shock design spectrum velocity calculated is compared with the shock test load, and the influences of equipment installation frequency, equipment mass and pendulum height on the shock design load and shock test load are analyzed. Based on the comparison results, it is found that the shock design load is more severe than the shock test load. However, when the channel steel span is relatively large (greater than 90 cm) and the equipment installation frequency is relatively high (greater than 80 Hz), the shock test load may be more severe. In addition, the quantitative ratio between the velocity of the shock design spectrum and that of the shock test spectrum is provided. The research results prove the correlation between the shock design load and the shock test load, which can provide reference for the shock resistance design and shock test of the equipment and the revision of relevant standards.
2026,
46(7):
071501.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0216
Abstract:
In order to systematically evaluate the impact safety of human chest impacted by non-lethal kinetic projectiles (NLKP), an integrated three-rib thoracic physical model with a configurable structure was developed, which was compatible with both simulation and experimental testing. The projectile representation was first validated through rigid-wall impacts at 29.0 and 61.0 m/s on a controllable gas-launch platform. The measured force–time histories agreed well with the NATO Allied Engineering Publication-99 (AEP-99), corridors, confirming the fidelity of the projectile model. Impact experiments on chest were then conducted using the validated projectile model at 56.0 and 86.5 m/s. The measured chest-wall displacements and the maximum value of the viscous criterion (VCmax, βvc,max) fell within the validation corridors specified in the AEP-99, demonstrating that the proposed model exhibits dynamic-response consistency and predictive accuracy under medium- and low-velocity impacts at or below 90.0 m/s. Among them, the maximum relative errors between simulated and experimental displacements at 56.0 and 86.5 m/s are 16% and 21%, respectively. A projectile hardness scan (soft/medium/hard) showed that VCmax increased from 0.298 m/s to 0.336 m/s at 56.0 m/s and from 0.765 m/s to 0.856 m/s at 86.5 m/s, indicating a more pronounced risk amplification at higher energies. When the rib spacing varies within the range of 80%−120% of the baseline rib spacing, its effect on the peak displacement and contact force is approximately ±6%, and VCmax fluctuates within 5.7%−6.2%, which is generally within the engineering acceptable range. Compared with the surrogate human thorax for impact model (SHTIM), the proposed model adhered more closely to the corridor mid-line at 56.0, 86.5 m/s, and yielded VCmax values of 0.308, 0.803 m/s (both within the recommended ranges), whereas the SHTIM slightly underestimated the high-energy case, confirming the model advantage in response fidelity and criterion consistency. A systematic simulation was conducted for impact responses by four typical projectiles (NS, CONDOR, SIR-X, and RB1FS) within the velocity range of 60.0–90.0 m/s, elucidating the influence mechanisms of projectile structure and material on thoracic injury risk. Under higher speed impact (100.0–120.0 m/s), the soft tissue layer of the model dominates energy absorption and dissipation, while the peak stress in the rib layer increases significantly with velocity and exceeds the yield limit, indicating a high risk of fracture. Thickness sensitivity analysis reveals that the thickness of the soft tissue layer plays the most prominent role in regulating energy absorption and deformation. These findings provide important theoretical and technical support for NLKP impact injury assessment and the optimization of protective equipment.
In order to systematically evaluate the impact safety of human chest impacted by non-lethal kinetic projectiles (NLKP), an integrated three-rib thoracic physical model with a configurable structure was developed, which was compatible with both simulation and experimental testing. The projectile representation was first validated through rigid-wall impacts at 29.0 and 61.0 m/s on a controllable gas-launch platform. The measured force–time histories agreed well with the NATO Allied Engineering Publication-99 (AEP-99), corridors, confirming the fidelity of the projectile model. Impact experiments on chest were then conducted using the validated projectile model at 56.0 and 86.5 m/s. The measured chest-wall displacements and the maximum value of the viscous criterion (VCmax, βvc,max) fell within the validation corridors specified in the AEP-99, demonstrating that the proposed model exhibits dynamic-response consistency and predictive accuracy under medium- and low-velocity impacts at or below 90.0 m/s. Among them, the maximum relative errors between simulated and experimental displacements at 56.0 and 86.5 m/s are 16% and 21%, respectively. A projectile hardness scan (soft/medium/hard) showed that VCmax increased from 0.298 m/s to 0.336 m/s at 56.0 m/s and from 0.765 m/s to 0.856 m/s at 86.5 m/s, indicating a more pronounced risk amplification at higher energies. When the rib spacing varies within the range of 80%−120% of the baseline rib spacing, its effect on the peak displacement and contact force is approximately ±6%, and VCmax fluctuates within 5.7%−6.2%, which is generally within the engineering acceptable range. Compared with the surrogate human thorax for impact model (SHTIM), the proposed model adhered more closely to the corridor mid-line at 56.0, 86.5 m/s, and yielded VCmax values of 0.308, 0.803 m/s (both within the recommended ranges), whereas the SHTIM slightly underestimated the high-energy case, confirming the model advantage in response fidelity and criterion consistency. A systematic simulation was conducted for impact responses by four typical projectiles (NS, CONDOR, SIR-X, and RB1FS) within the velocity range of 60.0–90.0 m/s, elucidating the influence mechanisms of projectile structure and material on thoracic injury risk. Under higher speed impact (100.0–120.0 m/s), the soft tissue layer of the model dominates energy absorption and dissipation, while the peak stress in the rib layer increases significantly with velocity and exceeds the yield limit, indicating a high risk of fracture. Thickness sensitivity analysis reveals that the thickness of the soft tissue layer plays the most prominent role in regulating energy absorption and deformation. These findings provide important theoretical and technical support for NLKP impact injury assessment and the optimization of protective equipment.
2026,
46(7):
073101.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0234
Abstract:
To overcome the limitations of traditional metallic materials regarding energy-release efficiency under high-velocity impact, this study designed and fabricated a novel single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structured lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5. The investigation employed a combined approach of multi-scale experimentation and numerical simulation. The as-cast microstructure was characterized, revealing a homogeneous composition with an average grain size of 336.7 μm. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate strength, plasticity, and strain-rate sensitivity, providing data to fit the Johnson-Cook constitutive and damage parameters. Direct ballistic experiments were conducted at impact velocities of 734, 950, and1375 m/s to analyze fragmentation behavior, temperature evolution, and energy release within a quasi-confined chamber. A coupled finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) numerical model was developed to simulate the penetration process, successfully replicating experimental temperature rises and fragmentation patterns. The results showed that the alloy possesses an excellent strength-plasticity synergy and remarkable strain-rate sensitivity, with yield strength increasing by 123% to 1977.3 MPa at 6000 s−1. Ballistic tests demonstrated that increased impact velocity intensified fragmentation and energy release, achieving a peak chamber temperature of 2124.15 K and extending the release duration to 12 ms at 1375 m/s. Microstructural analysis revealed that the energy release mechanism is governed by dislocation dynamics within adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). At lower impact velocities (e.g., 734 m/s), dynamic recrystallization in ASBs alleviates strain hardening. In contrast, at high velocities (e.g., 1375 m/s), suppressed cross-slip leads to dislocation saturation, local lattice instability, and ultimately severe fragmentation coupled with exothermic oxidation. The study concludes that (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5 high-entropy alloy exhibits outstanding dynamic properties and controllable impact-induced energy release, primarily driven by velocity-dependent microstructural evolution in ASBs, demonstrating significant potential as a new-generation energetic structural material for extreme dynamic loading applications.
To overcome the limitations of traditional metallic materials regarding energy-release efficiency under high-velocity impact, this study designed and fabricated a novel single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structured lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy (Ti2Zr)1.5NbVAl0.5. The investigation employed a combined approach of multi-scale experimentation and numerical simulation. The as-cast microstructure was characterized, revealing a homogeneous composition with an average grain size of 336.7 μm. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate strength, plasticity, and strain-rate sensitivity, providing data to fit the Johnson-Cook constitutive and damage parameters. Direct ballistic experiments were conducted at impact velocities of 734, 950, and
2026,
46(7):
073102.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0304
Abstract:
To investigate the disturbance caused by blasting in the excavation process of tunnel and coal mine surrounding rock, it is urgent to clarify the mechanical response, failure mode and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under dynamic load under confining pressure. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system with a self-developed active confining pressure control device was used to carry out dynamic compression tests on red sandstone specimens under different confining pressure levels, to explore the dynamic mechanical response, failure mode and energy dissipation mechanism of red sandstone under impact load. The test results show that the stress-strain curve presents a “two stages” characteristics under unconfined condition. and the stress-strain curve changes from a “two stages” to a “three stages” pattern with the increase of confining pressure. The confining pressure significantly enhances the dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of red sandstone, both of which show significant strain rate effect and confining pressure effect. In terms of failure mode and energy dissipation, the rock specimen is crushed when subjected to higher strain rate at unconfined condition. Under confining pressure, the damage degree of the sample is significantly reduced, and finally resulting in compression-shear failure. Under the same confining pressure, the reflection energy and reflectivity increase with the increase of strain rate, while the transmission energy increases with the increase of strain rate and the transmittance decreases with the increase of strain rate. Under the same strain rate, with the increase of confining pressure, the rock reflection energy and reflectivity decrease, the transmission energy and transmittance increase. When the specimen is dynamically damaged, the dissipation energy is regulated by strain rate and confining pressure. When the confining pressure is constant, the dissipation energy and dissipation rate increase with the increase of strain rate. When the strain rate is constant, both the dissipation energy and dissipation rate decrease with the increase of confining pressure.
To investigate the disturbance caused by blasting in the excavation process of tunnel and coal mine surrounding rock, it is urgent to clarify the mechanical response, failure mode and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under dynamic load under confining pressure. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system with a self-developed active confining pressure control device was used to carry out dynamic compression tests on red sandstone specimens under different confining pressure levels, to explore the dynamic mechanical response, failure mode and energy dissipation mechanism of red sandstone under impact load. The test results show that the stress-strain curve presents a “two stages” characteristics under unconfined condition. and the stress-strain curve changes from a “two stages” to a “three stages” pattern with the increase of confining pressure. The confining pressure significantly enhances the dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of red sandstone, both of which show significant strain rate effect and confining pressure effect. In terms of failure mode and energy dissipation, the rock specimen is crushed when subjected to higher strain rate at unconfined condition. Under confining pressure, the damage degree of the sample is significantly reduced, and finally resulting in compression-shear failure. Under the same confining pressure, the reflection energy and reflectivity increase with the increase of strain rate, while the transmission energy increases with the increase of strain rate and the transmittance decreases with the increase of strain rate. Under the same strain rate, with the increase of confining pressure, the rock reflection energy and reflectivity decrease, the transmission energy and transmittance increase. When the specimen is dynamically damaged, the dissipation energy is regulated by strain rate and confining pressure. When the confining pressure is constant, the dissipation energy and dissipation rate increase with the increase of strain rate. When the strain rate is constant, both the dissipation energy and dissipation rate decrease with the increase of confining pressure.
2026,
46(7):
073301.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2026-0017
Abstract:
Ceramic/metal composite armor has attracted extensive attention in lightweight protective structures because of its high hardness, excellent energy dissipation capability, and strong resistance to repeated impacts. However, most existing studies focus on uniformly distributed ceramic balls and single-impact scenarios, leaving the damage evolution and protective mechanisms of gradient ceramic-ball composites under multiple impacts insufficiently understood. To address these limitations, a gradient ceramic-ball metal composite structure was proposed to improve the multi-hit resistance of composite armor. Penetration experiments using 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles were conducted to investigate the ballistic response of the composite target. Based on the experimental conditions, numerical simulations were carried out using the LS-DYNA software to analyze the penetration behavior of successive projectiles impacting the composite target plate. A three-dimensional finite element model was established to reproduce the penetration process, in which the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of metallic components and the Johnson-Holmquist ceramic constitutive model was adopted to characterize the dynamic response and failure behavior of ceramic materials. Appropriate contact algorithms and erosion criteria were implemented to simulate the interaction, damage, and fragmentation processes between the projectile and the target materials. Parametric numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the penetration characteristics of successive projectiles during the multi-impact process. The effects of ceramic ball diameter, impact spacing between successive projectiles, and gradient arrangement direction of ceramic balls on the ballistic performance of the composite structure were systematically investigated. In addition, the penetration depth, energy absorption characteristics, damage morphology of the target, and projectile deflection behavior were analyzed to reveal the influence of structural heterogeneity and pre-existing damage on the penetration response. The results show that increasing the diameter of ceramic balls significantly enlarges the damage region and enhances the structural non-uniformity, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the structure to impact location. Under multiple projectile impact conditions, the pre-existing damage caused by the first projectile significantly reduces the energy absorption capacity of the target plate and alters the penetration behavior of the subsequent projectile, especially when the impact point of the latter is located within the damaged region. Within a certain range of impact spacing, projectile deflection induced by damage heterogeneity effectively reduces the penetration depth of the backing plate even when the absorbed kinetic energy remains nearly unchanged. Compared with the negative-gradient configuration, the positive-gradient ceramic-ball composite armor reduces the damage area of the first ceramic layer by 14.8%–57.8% under the same areal density and effectively restricts the expansion of the initial damage region, thereby maintaining higher structural integrity under repeated impacts. These results indicate that a properly designed gradient distribution of ceramic balls can significantly improve the multi-hit resistance of ceramic/metal composite armor and provide useful guidance for the lightweight design and structural optimization of gradient ceramic-ball composite armor.
Ceramic/metal composite armor has attracted extensive attention in lightweight protective structures because of its high hardness, excellent energy dissipation capability, and strong resistance to repeated impacts. However, most existing studies focus on uniformly distributed ceramic balls and single-impact scenarios, leaving the damage evolution and protective mechanisms of gradient ceramic-ball composites under multiple impacts insufficiently understood. To address these limitations, a gradient ceramic-ball metal composite structure was proposed to improve the multi-hit resistance of composite armor. Penetration experiments using 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles were conducted to investigate the ballistic response of the composite target. Based on the experimental conditions, numerical simulations were carried out using the LS-DYNA software to analyze the penetration behavior of successive projectiles impacting the composite target plate. A three-dimensional finite element model was established to reproduce the penetration process, in which the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of metallic components and the Johnson-Holmquist ceramic constitutive model was adopted to characterize the dynamic response and failure behavior of ceramic materials. Appropriate contact algorithms and erosion criteria were implemented to simulate the interaction, damage, and fragmentation processes between the projectile and the target materials. Parametric numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the penetration characteristics of successive projectiles during the multi-impact process. The effects of ceramic ball diameter, impact spacing between successive projectiles, and gradient arrangement direction of ceramic balls on the ballistic performance of the composite structure were systematically investigated. In addition, the penetration depth, energy absorption characteristics, damage morphology of the target, and projectile deflection behavior were analyzed to reveal the influence of structural heterogeneity and pre-existing damage on the penetration response. The results show that increasing the diameter of ceramic balls significantly enlarges the damage region and enhances the structural non-uniformity, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the structure to impact location. Under multiple projectile impact conditions, the pre-existing damage caused by the first projectile significantly reduces the energy absorption capacity of the target plate and alters the penetration behavior of the subsequent projectile, especially when the impact point of the latter is located within the damaged region. Within a certain range of impact spacing, projectile deflection induced by damage heterogeneity effectively reduces the penetration depth of the backing plate even when the absorbed kinetic energy remains nearly unchanged. Compared with the negative-gradient configuration, the positive-gradient ceramic-ball composite armor reduces the damage area of the first ceramic layer by 14.8%–57.8% under the same areal density and effectively restricts the expansion of the initial damage region, thereby maintaining higher structural integrity under repeated impacts. These results indicate that a properly designed gradient distribution of ceramic balls can significantly improve the multi-hit resistance of ceramic/metal composite armor and provide useful guidance for the lightweight design and structural optimization of gradient ceramic-ball composite armor.
2026,
46(7):
073302.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0220
Abstract:
This study addressed critical safety concerns in wind-resistant design of building envelope systems, aiming to quantify secondary fragmentation effects and potential risks from tempered glass breakage under wind-borne debris impact. A systematic orthogonal experimental design was developed and implemented to comprehensively investigate the influence of seven key parameters on failure modes and fragment mass distribution. These parameters include impact type (point-to-surface and surface-to-surface), impactor mass (30 and 50 g), impact velocity (50, 100, and 150 m/s), impact angle (60°, 75°, and 90°), boundary conditions (exposed frame support, concealed frame support, and point fixing), glass thickness (6 and 8 mm), and glass square surface side length (110, 200, 290 mm). A single-stage light-gas gun was employed to reproduce wind-borne debris impact scenarios with a velocity measurement accuracy of ±5 m/s. Two high-speed cameras were used to record the dynamic response and crack propagation process of glass during impact, while an oscilloscope was utilized to collect strain data at the impact point and impact velocity. After each impact experiment, glass fragments were fully recovered from a predefined area encompassing the entire experiment chamber. This area was divided into nine zones, extending 20 mm from the impact surface and 70 mm from the non-impact surface of the glass specimen. Fragment mass distribution was then statistically analyzed with a collection efficiency exceeding 98%. Range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed on the experimental matrix to quantitatively reveal the relative influence of each parameter on glass fracture characteristics, impactor energy dissipation, and fragment mass distribution. To avoid overreliance on statistical significance derived solely on P-values, effect size analysis using partial Eta squared (η2) was innovatively incorporated to quantify the practical engineering significance of each parameter, complementing traditional variance analysis that relies solely on P-values. A normalized formulation characterizing fragment mass distribution was established based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and Buckinghamʼs Π theorem. Parameter values for the semi-empirical prediction model were determined through an orthogonal distance regression iterative algorithm, which effectively accounts for errors in both independent and dependent variables. The hybrid normal distribution model was adopted to fit the fragment mass distribution data, with shape parameters fixed in accordance with boundary conditions and key parameters optimized to ensure engineering applicability. Results demonstrate that boundary conditions dominantly control glass fracture extent and fragment dispersion. Specially, exposed framing support yields the minimal fragment mass, corresponding to an optimal anti-scattering solution. The structural glazing support exhibiting the maximum kinetic energy attenuation alongside a moderate fragment quantities, and point fixing induces complete fragmentation, representing a high-risk scenario. Impact angle, glass dimensions, and velocity also exert significant influences on fragmentation behavior. The established parameter influence hierarchy for the impact failure of tempered glass, along with the semi-empirical predictive formula, accurately characterizes the fracture patterns of tempered glass. Parameters for exposed frame and concealed frame supports are both approximately unity, enabling their integration into a unifiedframed support system model. This research provided crucial theoretical foundations for wind-resistant design and reinforcementof building envelope systems, particularly for aging structures equipped with single-layer tempered glass curtain walls.
This study addressed critical safety concerns in wind-resistant design of building envelope systems, aiming to quantify secondary fragmentation effects and potential risks from tempered glass breakage under wind-borne debris impact. A systematic orthogonal experimental design was developed and implemented to comprehensively investigate the influence of seven key parameters on failure modes and fragment mass distribution. These parameters include impact type (point-to-surface and surface-to-surface), impactor mass (30 and 50 g), impact velocity (50, 100, and 150 m/s), impact angle (60°, 75°, and 90°), boundary conditions (exposed frame support, concealed frame support, and point fixing), glass thickness (6 and 8 mm), and glass square surface side length (110, 200, 290 mm). A single-stage light-gas gun was employed to reproduce wind-borne debris impact scenarios with a velocity measurement accuracy of ±5 m/s. Two high-speed cameras were used to record the dynamic response and crack propagation process of glass during impact, while an oscilloscope was utilized to collect strain data at the impact point and impact velocity. After each impact experiment, glass fragments were fully recovered from a predefined area encompassing the entire experiment chamber. This area was divided into nine zones, extending 20 mm from the impact surface and 70 mm from the non-impact surface of the glass specimen. Fragment mass distribution was then statistically analyzed with a collection efficiency exceeding 98%. Range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed on the experimental matrix to quantitatively reveal the relative influence of each parameter on glass fracture characteristics, impactor energy dissipation, and fragment mass distribution. To avoid overreliance on statistical significance derived solely on P-values, effect size analysis using partial Eta squared (η2) was innovatively incorporated to quantify the practical engineering significance of each parameter, complementing traditional variance analysis that relies solely on P-values. A normalized formulation characterizing fragment mass distribution was established based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and Buckinghamʼs Π theorem. Parameter values for the semi-empirical prediction model were determined through an orthogonal distance regression iterative algorithm, which effectively accounts for errors in both independent and dependent variables. The hybrid normal distribution model was adopted to fit the fragment mass distribution data, with shape parameters fixed in accordance with boundary conditions and key parameters optimized to ensure engineering applicability. Results demonstrate that boundary conditions dominantly control glass fracture extent and fragment dispersion. Specially, exposed framing support yields the minimal fragment mass, corresponding to an optimal anti-scattering solution. The structural glazing support exhibiting the maximum kinetic energy attenuation alongside a moderate fragment quantities, and point fixing induces complete fragmentation, representing a high-risk scenario. Impact angle, glass dimensions, and velocity also exert significant influences on fragmentation behavior. The established parameter influence hierarchy for the impact failure of tempered glass, along with the semi-empirical predictive formula, accurately characterizes the fracture patterns of tempered glass. Parameters for exposed frame and concealed frame supports are both approximately unity, enabling their integration into a unifiedframed support system model. This research provided crucial theoretical foundations for wind-resistant design and reinforcementof building envelope systems, particularly for aging structures equipped with single-layer tempered glass curtain walls.
2026,
46(7):
073303.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0229
Abstract:
In view of the rockfall impact threat faced by buried pipelines in high-risk areas of geological disasters, this study systematically investigated the dynamic response characteristics of buried pipelines through a combination of scale model test and numerical simulation to further explore its dynamic response characteristics and dig deep into their intrinsic mechanisms. A test model with a geometric scale ratio of 1∶10 was constructed. Meanwhile, a drop hammer impact test device combined with LS-DYNA finite element analysis was used. Based on these above, the influence laws of pipeline burial depth, wall thickness, impact parameters, pipeline parameters, and soil properties (including soil elastic modulus and pipe-soil friction coefficient) on buried pipelines were explored. The test results show that at the same impact height, the peak strain decreases as the pipeline’s burial depth and wall thickness increase. Under eccentric drop hammer impacts, the influence on the upper and lower cross-sections of the pipeline diminishes as the impact point deviates from the pipeline center. Additionally, a higher impact height corresponds to a greater peak strain in the middle section of the pipeline.The numerical simulation results indicate that the maximum stress and strain of the pipeline are positively correlated with pipeline diameter, internal pressure, and impact velocity, while negatively correlated with impact eccentricity, soil elastic modulus, and pipeline burial depth. Moreover, the increase in the pipe-soil friction coefficient has a limited impact on pipeline stress and strain, and this effect becomes negligible when it exceeds 0.3. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, the order of influence degree of each parameter is impact eccentricity, pipeline internal pressure, pipeline diameter, soil elastic modulus, and pipe-soil friction coefficient. Among them, pipeline internal pressure, pipeline diameter, and pipe-soil friction coefficient are positively correlated with strain, while soil elastic modulus and impact eccentricity are negatively correlated with strain. The rockfall impact eccentricity and pipeline internal pressure have a moderate to strong correlation with the impact response of buried pipelines.The research results can provide a basis for the safety design of buried pipelines in high-risk areas.
In view of the rockfall impact threat faced by buried pipelines in high-risk areas of geological disasters, this study systematically investigated the dynamic response characteristics of buried pipelines through a combination of scale model test and numerical simulation to further explore its dynamic response characteristics and dig deep into their intrinsic mechanisms. A test model with a geometric scale ratio of 1∶10 was constructed. Meanwhile, a drop hammer impact test device combined with LS-DYNA finite element analysis was used. Based on these above, the influence laws of pipeline burial depth, wall thickness, impact parameters, pipeline parameters, and soil properties (including soil elastic modulus and pipe-soil friction coefficient) on buried pipelines were explored. The test results show that at the same impact height, the peak strain decreases as the pipeline’s burial depth and wall thickness increase. Under eccentric drop hammer impacts, the influence on the upper and lower cross-sections of the pipeline diminishes as the impact point deviates from the pipeline center. Additionally, a higher impact height corresponds to a greater peak strain in the middle section of the pipeline.The numerical simulation results indicate that the maximum stress and strain of the pipeline are positively correlated with pipeline diameter, internal pressure, and impact velocity, while negatively correlated with impact eccentricity, soil elastic modulus, and pipeline burial depth. Moreover, the increase in the pipe-soil friction coefficient has a limited impact on pipeline stress and strain, and this effect becomes negligible when it exceeds 0.3. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, the order of influence degree of each parameter is impact eccentricity, pipeline internal pressure, pipeline diameter, soil elastic modulus, and pipe-soil friction coefficient. Among them, pipeline internal pressure, pipeline diameter, and pipe-soil friction coefficient are positively correlated with strain, while soil elastic modulus and impact eccentricity are negatively correlated with strain. The rockfall impact eccentricity and pipeline internal pressure have a moderate to strong correlation with the impact response of buried pipelines.The research results can provide a basis for the safety design of buried pipelines in high-risk areas.
2026,
46(7):
073901.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0186
Abstract:
Round-ended concrete-filled steel tube (RE-CFST) members, commonly used in bridge piers and main towers, are often subjected to impacts from vessels, vehicles, floating debris, and other potential collisions. Therefore, this study focuses on the residual mechanical performance of RE-CFST columns exposed to the combined effect of eccentric compression and impact loading. Post-impact compression tests were conducted, and the failure modes, load-midspan displacement, and load-longitudinal strain curves under different eccentricity ratios and axial-load ratios were obtained. The results showed that the RE-CFST beam-columns primarily presented global deformation under lateral impact. Under eccentric compression, pronounced local buckling was observed in the outer steel tube on the compression side. The load-lateral displacement curve of the column under eccentric compression showed a gentle decrease, indicating good ductility of the specimen. As the eccentricity ratio and axial-load ratio increased, the residual bearing capacity of the specimen decreased. In addition, using ABAQUS software, a total of 144 finite element (FE) models were established to analyze the lateral impact behavior and residual bearing capacity of RE-CFST columns. The effects of impact velocity, eccentricity ratio, axial-load ratio, aspect ratio, and steel ratio were emphatically studied. Results indicate that with the increase in steel ratio and aspect ratio, the post-impact residual deflection of the specimens decreases, while the residual bearing capacity improves. Finally, based on response surface analysis, formulas for the residual deformation after an impact and residual bearing capacity coefficients of these specimens under the interaction of multiple factors were proposed. The results show that the aspect ratio is a key factor affecting both post-impact residual deflection and residual bearing capacity coefficients. Furthermore, the interaction between aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio, as well as between aspect ratio and impact velocity, is significant. The proposed formulas can well predict the post-impact residual deformation and residual bearing capacity coefficients of RE-CFST columns.
Round-ended concrete-filled steel tube (RE-CFST) members, commonly used in bridge piers and main towers, are often subjected to impacts from vessels, vehicles, floating debris, and other potential collisions. Therefore, this study focuses on the residual mechanical performance of RE-CFST columns exposed to the combined effect of eccentric compression and impact loading. Post-impact compression tests were conducted, and the failure modes, load-midspan displacement, and load-longitudinal strain curves under different eccentricity ratios and axial-load ratios were obtained. The results showed that the RE-CFST beam-columns primarily presented global deformation under lateral impact. Under eccentric compression, pronounced local buckling was observed in the outer steel tube on the compression side. The load-lateral displacement curve of the column under eccentric compression showed a gentle decrease, indicating good ductility of the specimen. As the eccentricity ratio and axial-load ratio increased, the residual bearing capacity of the specimen decreased. In addition, using ABAQUS software, a total of 144 finite element (FE) models were established to analyze the lateral impact behavior and residual bearing capacity of RE-CFST columns. The effects of impact velocity, eccentricity ratio, axial-load ratio, aspect ratio, and steel ratio were emphatically studied. Results indicate that with the increase in steel ratio and aspect ratio, the post-impact residual deflection of the specimens decreases, while the residual bearing capacity improves. Finally, based on response surface analysis, formulas for the residual deformation after an impact and residual bearing capacity coefficients of these specimens under the interaction of multiple factors were proposed. The results show that the aspect ratio is a key factor affecting both post-impact residual deflection and residual bearing capacity coefficients. Furthermore, the interaction between aspect ratio and eccentricity ratio, as well as between aspect ratio and impact velocity, is significant. The proposed formulas can well predict the post-impact residual deformation and residual bearing capacity coefficients of RE-CFST columns.
2026,
46(7):
074201.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0023
Abstract:
The study aims to solve the problem of calculating the thickness limit of high-strength steel-concrete composite structures under the impact of slender thin-walled projectiles, a key consideration for protective engineering design. A series of impact tests on composite targets were carried out. These targets were composed of different high-strength steel plates and concrete backplates. Slender thin-walled projectiles were launched with a gas gun at controlled velocities, and the impact process were captured by high-speed cameras. The resulting damage to the structures and the failure modes of the projectiles were analyzed using both non-destructive and destructive testing methods. Based on test results, the protective mechanism of the composite structures and the failure modes of projectiles were analyzed. An improved thickness limit calculation model was then developed. Unlike the original model, this new model incorporated the structural strength of slender thin-walled projectiles, considering their wall thickness, material yield strength, and geometric dimensions, and was established based on force equilibrium and energy conservation principles. The results show that the high-strength steel in the composite structures provides material strength to resist penetration, while the concrete backplate offers support stiffness. As slender thin-walled projectiles are prone to compression and expansion cracking during impact, their structural strength must be factored into the calculation model. Moreover, the design of composite structures should consider both the mechanical properties of high-strength steel and the thickness limit. In conclusion, though the proposed model offers a new theoretical approach, it has limitations such as empirical parameters and conservative results. Further research is necessary to refine and enhance the model. The study's findings provide a theoretical basis for the design and application of high-strength steel-concrete composite structures in protective engineering.
The study aims to solve the problem of calculating the thickness limit of high-strength steel-concrete composite structures under the impact of slender thin-walled projectiles, a key consideration for protective engineering design. A series of impact tests on composite targets were carried out. These targets were composed of different high-strength steel plates and concrete backplates. Slender thin-walled projectiles were launched with a gas gun at controlled velocities, and the impact process were captured by high-speed cameras. The resulting damage to the structures and the failure modes of the projectiles were analyzed using both non-destructive and destructive testing methods. Based on test results, the protective mechanism of the composite structures and the failure modes of projectiles were analyzed. An improved thickness limit calculation model was then developed. Unlike the original model, this new model incorporated the structural strength of slender thin-walled projectiles, considering their wall thickness, material yield strength, and geometric dimensions, and was established based on force equilibrium and energy conservation principles. The results show that the high-strength steel in the composite structures provides material strength to resist penetration, while the concrete backplate offers support stiffness. As slender thin-walled projectiles are prone to compression and expansion cracking during impact, their structural strength must be factored into the calculation model. Moreover, the design of composite structures should consider both the mechanical properties of high-strength steel and the thickness limit. In conclusion, though the proposed model offers a new theoretical approach, it has limitations such as empirical parameters and conservative results. Further research is necessary to refine and enhance the model. The study's findings provide a theoretical basis for the design and application of high-strength steel-concrete composite structures in protective engineering.
2026,
46(7):
074202.
doi: 10.11883/bzycj-2025-0039
Abstract:
In order to broaden the pressure range of the research on the physical parameters of powder materials, a high-pressure physical property research technology for metal powders was established based on laser driving method. Through target optimization design and experimental verification, while achieving the regulation of shock wave loading characteristics, the technical difficulties caused by the lack of fixed geometric shapes in powder materials for measurement have been solved; The use of local coating method in the target structure solves the influence of adhesive on the thickness measurement of quartz standard material, ensuring the authenticity of the data. By utilizing three-dimensional X-Ray computed tomography imaging technology to characterize the assembly quality of experimental targets, micro targets that meet the requirements of laser driven metal powder high-pressure physical property diagnosis were obtained through improved assembly methods, and the development of targets with different initial densities was also achieved. While ensuring the accuracy of the data, the pressure range of the powder material is extended to more than 1 TPa. The experimental results show good data consistency, which is consistent with the independently calculated WEOS simulation results and can effectively distinguish the data trends under different initial densities. This experimental technique can be extended to the study of high-pressure physical properties of other powder particles.
In order to broaden the pressure range of the research on the physical parameters of powder materials, a high-pressure physical property research technology for metal powders was established based on laser driving method. Through target optimization design and experimental verification, while achieving the regulation of shock wave loading characteristics, the technical difficulties caused by the lack of fixed geometric shapes in powder materials for measurement have been solved; The use of local coating method in the target structure solves the influence of adhesive on the thickness measurement of quartz standard material, ensuring the authenticity of the data. By utilizing three-dimensional X-Ray computed tomography imaging technology to characterize the assembly quality of experimental targets, micro targets that meet the requirements of laser driven metal powder high-pressure physical property diagnosis were obtained through improved assembly methods, and the development of targets with different initial densities was also achieved. While ensuring the accuracy of the data, the pressure range of the powder material is extended to more than 1 TPa. The experimental results show good data consistency, which is consistent with the independently calculated WEOS simulation results and can effectively distinguish the data trends under different initial densities. This experimental technique can be extended to the study of high-pressure physical properties of other powder particles.
